نشریه پژوهش های ادبی
پیاپی 62 (زمستان 1397)

Conceptual metaphor theory was an important issue in many areas of the humanities, such as cognitive linguistics, semantics, psychology, analytical philosophy and so on.  According to this theory the human mind is inherently  understand and states abstract concepts and experiences intangible in terms of metaphors..  We often think in terms of specific metaphors and even decide,study of conceptual metaphors at different times and in different generations can effectively determine the cognitive patterns.The present study examines a variety of conceptual metaphors in four novels “Savušun ", "my bird", "corridors of Heaven" and "I wish I was Roses"With the goal to achieve the mental patterns women writers and their cognitive style.The research is based on qualitative content analysis approach, so that first metaphorical statements mentioned in novels extracted and then classified and analyzed. In this study, all three types of metaphor direction, structural and ontological and structural metaphor has the highest frequency. The concepts of "time", "man", "Life", "Nature", "heart". The most frequency in this novel are the concepts of "relationship", "love", "objecttion," "sad," "disease," "nostalgia", "happiness" of the key concepts and style to the authors. In statements obtained from the novels explored areas of common origin are: man, machine, track, buildings, birds, product, mountains, sea, container, objects, knitting, food and glue.Data analysis shows that metaphors drawn from the novels studied these writers, in most cases, by the thought of their female identity.

In this research, we attempt to answer this question with the exploratory reading of the story of the "Abiha" blues" by Moniru Ravanipour : To what extent the events of this story, which is related to the indigenous beliefs of the people of the south, corroborate the relationship between women and nature? What are the differences between women and men attitude in this story about nature? Based on this research, it can be said that Moniru Ravanipour  with her female concerns, has been able to relate to this story - and of course her other stories emphasizing the duality of men and women. In addition to by utilizing a mythical inventory such as Mermaid shows the close relationship between woman and nature. Unlike profit-minded of men, women have a kind of caring and empathic behavior with nature. Ravanipour, also dividing Mermaids into blue and red and she has been able to portray the dual figure of nature. A figure that is proportional to the behavior of humans (men) is suddenly changing, and women understand this sudden change.

Analysis of conceptions and methods of describing the double contrasts in literary texts is one of the criticism methods in structuralism approach, and clarifies or interprets some hidden meanings of text. This paper comparatively analyzes the sexual contrasts in two novels of the 1980s (Bagh Bolour and Del Foulad) with two novels of the 2000s (Negaran Nabash and Kafe Piano). Level of studying the contrasts is two fundamental elements of narration: phenomenon and characterization. The general analysis of some contrasts existing behind the sexual view of texts on study indicates that: (1) double items of tradition/ renovation, freedom/ limitation, virginity/ prostitution, depression/ freshness are common in the novels of the 1980s; (2) the contrasts of today/ past, celibacy/ marital, realism/ idealism, mental sex/ physiological sex are different from the contrasts of two novels of the 1980s but the double items such as freedom/ limitation, tradition/ renovation, freshness/ depression are common in the novels of the two decades.

The study of the evolution of literary schools and comparing the principles and characteristics of different schools is one of the important fields of research in the  comparative literature.Meanwhile, the contrast between classicalism and romanticism in the theory of literary genre and their different approaches to this category, is very significant. The authors believe that there are both intellectual and social principles in these two schools that theory of the literary genre of the schools, in spite of the plurality or apparent differences, is based on these principles and a large part of the contrast between these two schools is also the result of the opposition of these principles.This research is based on an analytical-descriptive approach and want to explain the principles and foundations in the context of intellectual and social conditions, its impact on the theory of literary types and, ultimately, the comparison of these schools. The results of this research show that the theory of essentialism and different perceptions of the theory of mimesis including belief of fixed and unchanging laws of literary genre, the purity of literary genre, as well as the belief in the existence of hierarchy among literary genre and the superiority of types of narratives such as tragedy and epic ,is the basis for the formation of the general principles of the theory of classical literary types of classicalism. In contrast , the components such as historicism, attention to the genius of the poet in the creation of literary work and the tendency toward individuality has led to the formation of a new theory of genres in the romanticism which it is based on the rejection of rules  governing literary genre, the combination of existing literary genre, and the consideration of other literary forms, especially the lyric literature , novel, and the creation of new genre.

Today, one of the challenges of academic research in the field of language and literature is the frequency of using the theory in conducting fundamental research in the field of theoretical and practical critique. Adherents of such an approach, due to systemic and coherent interdisciplinary nature, consider the need for such recursive tools for literary research to be essential as synchronous as the literary researches of the Western world. And adherents of such an approach insist on stereotypes, artificial, superficiality, reductionism and westernization of these researches and according to the policy of negation of theorist, they believe it is necessary to return to the traditional methods of past critics or pioneers in this field.The author believes that at the intersection of the two aforesaid, a moderate route can be found, Therefore, this descriptive-analytical essay emphasizes that While avoiding any kind of extremism in the pursuit of the theory-based research, There are two great ways to retrieve literary texts: First is the combination of scientific and interdisciplinary methods to analysis and evaluation of literary texts And the second is a deep acquaintance with the principles of theorizing and philosophical approaches to produce indigenous theories compatible with the worldview prevailing on Persian literature.