فصلنامه لسان مبین (پژوهش ادب عرب)
پیاپی 36 (تابستان 1398)

Gerard Genette introduces the narrative structure as a discourse in the field of narrative science by reviewing it. In this discourse, time, mood and voice play a essential role in explaining the relationship between narration and story. Distance as a function of the mood reveals the rate of showing to telling and represents the distance between two levels of story and narrative, Because the story informes about events while the narrative evokes in readers the impression that they are shown the events. Ahmad Saadawi's Frankenstein in Baghdad novel tries to reduce the distance between narrative and story through the form of narration and speech. This article, by descriptive-analytic method, examines and analyzes Factors that affect the distance between narration and story. Descriptions, Scene, the reported speech and transposed speech, free indirect style reduces the distance between narration and story and this prevents the audience from being passive in front of the text. This novel, which is one of the prominent novels of the Arab world through the inner speech of the characters, which is transposed speech, free indirect style, and the vertical movement in the novel, causes deepening in the characters and the process of the novel and affect the distance between narration and story.

Letter "Ela" is considered as one of the most frequently used letters in Qur’an. This letter codes a lot of different and various meanings suitable for its usage that in one point relate to each other which are prototype meaning and the end of the goal. This paper tries to discover the semantic fields of this letter by adopting a cognitive approach, and has assessed polysemy models of this letter in Qur’an with a descriptive – analytical method and after interpreting prototype meaning it has analyzed and evaluated the semantic aspects of this letter in Qur’an. In this regard, various semantic models like: equal meanings, reciprocal meanings, synonymy concepts, the model of syntactic semantic and semantic hyponymy were introduced; in a way that in the format of these semantic models, it has reached to the most of the semantic networks of this letter and by reliance on cognitive facts that arises from local concept of the letter "Ela", this study obtained more semantic diversity in the usage of this letter in Qur’anic Ayahs.

This research uses descriptive-analytic method to study the interaction and correlation of the time element in the form of coding layers with other tag systems in al-moharraj by Mohammad al-maghout. The purpose of this research is to discover the most important signs of time and how they represent them, as well as to examine the function of other levels of the dealer in explaining and promoting these types of symptoms. The findings of the research show that in the play of Mehrj, time as a social subculture plays a very important role in identifying the intangible talents of the text, the secondary concepts and the ideology governing it, and has a close and meaningful relationship with the other layers of the other, On the other hand, a vast network of textual levels such as location, characterization, conflict, and action implicitly and implicitly implies the concept of time. Also, in the display space, there is a kind of non-linear and discrete time that, as a result of turmoil in the world today, the contradiction and rule-of-factness of social-cultural norms has arisen.

An analysis of a novel is one of the ways that enables the reader to understand the content of a story in a full scale way. Generally, in each analysis, principles and frameworks are presented that relate to the mind and sense of the speakerThe research method is to identify of five pieces at different intervals from beginning to the end of the story and each piece is analyzed in five steps according to what is presented in John Pack's style. Then, in the sixth and seventh stages of different aspects of the text, author, reader and the world as well as the views of other critics are examined. So after selecting of specific parts and then analyzing them, It is concluded that in John Peck's way, due to understand of general aspects of the story through the details of the text, it is inductively analyzed, then the whole story is examined. In this type of analysis, befor analyzing overall into story, pay attention to the delicacies and details within the story, so the art of the author and the better result are revealed. Another feature of this approach is to pay attention to the contradictions in the selected passages which besides examining of the quadratic dimensions of the text and the opinions of other critics, are the final complement to criticism and analysis

Review of Character structure is one of the modern theories of literary criticism and based on the principles of psychology which was founded by Freud. He divided the mental processes of each person in the growth stages into three parts: nature, self and superego and he describes and expands it. Following this, critics find a new look at art and literary works, and study these levels in literary personality. The present study examines and expresses conflicts and tensions between the three structures and its manifestation in the novel main characters. Raghse aljadile va alnahr is a novel of realism combined with fantasy, it was written by Wafa Abdel Iraqi poet and novelist. the researchers are trying to use the analytical descriptive approach and they focus on the psychoanalysis of its main character which actually reflects the psychologists own writers. The result of the research shows that "self" has always been in anxiety due to conflicts between nature, and superego and the outside world, and this can be learned from monologues and dialogues between her and others, which has led her to take advantage of some mechanisms, such as fantasy and rationalization.

Assessing different discourse levels provides new perception of the same and shows the interaction between language and ideological structures. Since discourses causing ideology hegemony are considered as the determining factor in reproducing national identity, national anthem of each company assume an important role in recognizing it. Van Dijk, considering ideology as a basis for common social representation, has provided a model for critical discourse analysis that can be a proper framework for investigating identity reproduction in each country’s national anthem. The present study aims to discover discourse strategies of Arabic countries’ national anthems, located at Levant area (Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon), which leads to presenting national identity in language. Therefore, through a descriptive-analysis method and Van Dijk’s model, the results indicate that foregrounding positives points and backgrounding negative points form 78% of the mentioned anthems discourse system. Furthermore, meaning and propositional structures are the most prominent levels of discourse in the anthems.