نشریه راهبردهای توسعه روستایی
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، بهار 1398)

Sustainable Livelihoods is one of the new analytical approaches to rural development that has been considered in recent years for rural development and poverty alleviation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the stability of rural livelihood in Saqez city. In order to determine the villages studied, villages were first divided into 5 groups of population and then, based on the number of villages in each population class, the number of villages in each class was determined. In total, 30 villages were selected as samples. Using the Cochran formula, 300 families were selected as the sample size and completed the questionnaire. The results of descriptive findings and one-sample T-test show that the sustainability of livelihood in all aspects of sustainable livelihoods is low in the study area. Also, the results of correlation and regression analysis show that there is a direct and meaningful relationship between the components of sustainable livelihoods, and among these components, economic and physical assets have an impact on the sustainable livelihoods of the residents. Also, the results of ANOVA and Tukey's test show that there is a significant difference between the departments of Saqez City in terms of sustainability of livelihood and the central section in terms of livelihoods sustainability has a more favorable situation to other sectors.

Considering the importance of preserving the environment of tourist villages, the present study aimed to investigate the role of tourism development in promoting environmental knowledge in the villages of the Qhale Chaei touristic road of Ajbashir. The research is in terms of purpose, developmental, in nature, descriptive and also causal and analytical. The statistical population of the study is resident villages of nine villages of this road. Using a simple random sampling method, 370 people were selected based on Cochran formula. The factual validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts. Using the Cronbach Alpha Special Formula, the reliability of the research questionnaire was 0/887. For data analysis, Pearson correlation test and multivariate regression test and path analysis using PLS software were used. Prioritization of villages using Promethee, Vicore, ANP and Kaplend models has been used. The results of the research in relation to environmental awareness show that all variables of ecological balance protection of the village, vegetation and animal protection, drought control, noise pollution, water and soil conservation, use of organic farming, reduction of fuel use There is a significant relationship between fossil fuels, the principle of landfill of wastes, the non-use of non-renewable waste, the management of biological crisis and the restoration and restoration of damaged environment. Also, based on the results of multi-attribute models, Tapic Dare village has the highest priority and the village of Qozelga has the least priority in terms of environmental knowledge of villagers. Finally, according to the research findings, it is suggested that use of rural tourism functions in environmental protection

Annexed villages to metropolises face numerous environmental contaminations. One of the most common contaminations that is of great importance is pollution of soil, waste and .... Accordingly, the present paper analyzes the environmental contaminations of the annexed villages to Mashhad. The research method is descriptive-analytic and ArcGIS and GeoDa software are used for analyzing information. Moran's I and General G-Statistic was used for investigating the spatial distribution of the leishmaniosis, and to measure the spatial autocorrelation of leishmaniosis resulting from environmental contamination, bivariate Moran's I was used. The statistical population consists of 10 annexed villages to Mashhad. We obtained the samples from the statistics of Health Network. Among the studied villages, Cis-Abad village had the highest rate of disease with 2190 cases. The results show that the spatial distribution of leishmaniosis in Mashhad is clustered and G-Statistic is 0.5. In relation to spatial autocorrelation of and environmental contaminations, the obtained spatial distribution was cluster type and, bivariate Moran's I was 0. 68, which indicates that places on which environmental pollution is high are more likely to develop leishmaniosis disease. The results show that since the merged villages in Mashhad are more widely located around the Kashaf Rood river and the direction of the slope of Mashhad is towards this river, the most environmental pollution exist in the merged villages which has resulted in leishmaniosis disease for the inhabitants of these areas.

Village’s managers’ selection as a new rural management can be considered as a turning point in the history of rural management From the beginning, the village management have been using cooperation, people's participation, government grants to resolve the public needs, improve and clean the environment, maintaining and exploiting infrastructure, to do their activities. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the functioning of the organizations in a proper governance framework from the point of view of the residents of the villages of the central part of Ardabil city.The present research is practical in terms of its purpose and the descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of this study is 34 villages with a population of 28199 and 8151 families. The sample size was estimated at 380 people based on the Cochran formula. The dispersion of samples' numbers in the villages was distributed based on their populations and the selection of samples in rural areas has been systematically random. In order to analyze of the village’s managers, eight indicators (Participation, legitimacy, accountability, accountability, pivotal justice, collective agreement, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness) were used in 60 items. The questionnaire was designed with closed questions in the form of the five-choice Likert scale. The formal validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of expert professors. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.784 based on Cronbach's alpha. The results of one-sample t-test with a mean of 2.07 showed that the proper governance of the villages of the central ardabil villages was lower than the average. The results show of the work of the governors is less than the average according to the proper rule of the residents of villages in the central part of Ardebil and is not in desirable conditions.

Nowadays, the place of production of medicinal plants in the health of the community and the value of medicinal and aromatic plants are not covered by anyone. Forestry, pasture and medicinal and industrial plants not only have a particular role in the domestic economy, but also have a significant impact on non-oil exports. It is important to note that Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province has a diverse and appropriate climate that can be one of the most capable areas for the cultivation and production of medicinal plants. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating and identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of the cultivation and production of medicinal plants in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. SWOT method was used for this purpose and finally, using SWOT matrix, strategies were provided to improve the development conditions of this industry.More detailed findings especially about the supposed strategies are presented in the body of the paper

In order to participate in the watershed plans, the effective factors should be considered. The study aimed at investigating the role of villagers' attitudes to watershed plans on their participation (Case study: Saeed abad Kiasar Watershed). This study is a practical research that do in the form of correlation-descriptive method. Statistical population comprised head of families (N= 343) from saeedabad watershed basin. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran formula in an attempt to recruit 157 individuals as prospective participants. The stratified random sampling was employed in this study. A questionnaire was used to collect data; its validity was confirmed by experts and scholars. Cronbach's alpha was reported between 0.75-0.89 for the questionnaire. The average number of times in training courses has been 1 times. The average participation of villagers in watershed plans and attitude were at a high level. The regression analysis showed that 29 percent participation variance was explained by attitude. According to the achieved results of the research, It is recommended that by carefully planning and creating a favorable attitude in villagers, their participation in the design, implementation and evaluation of watershed plans can be used.

Optimizing the transportation of agricultural products plays an important role in reducing production costs and helps reduce the market margin of these products. Khorasan Razavi province is one of the major provinces of country in the production of vegetables. Due to the wide range of vegetables produced in the province, an efficient transportation network is required in order to increase the productivity of machinery and reduce the associated costs. The aim of the present study is to design an optimal network for transporting these products from production areas in the province to maintenance centers and ultimate consumption areas in year 2016. To this end, the mathematical programming models of transportation have been used. Based on this, a combined transportation was designed that has 45 origin notes and 49 destination notes and a number of mid-nodes including warehouse and refrigerator. The results of the study showed that approximately 22.51% of the shipping costs would be reduced if the optimal routes provided by the model were used. Finally, in order to analyze the susceptibility of the model, two scenarios with the deviations from the optimal model were solved that results indicated that increasing demand for vegetables will increase transportation costs, while increase in production and capacity of machinery will reduce shipping costs.

Supporting rural women as producers in addition to mothers and family managers. I n rural areas, women have been active in all activities, but women's productive role has become diminished in recent decades. In some rural areas of Iran, including the statistical population of this study, the villages of Zaborkhan district of Neishabour city have been faced with decreasing the role of women's productive activities, especially handicrafts. Therefore, the present study aims to reduce the level of activity and participation of women. Accordingly, 111 samples of women employed in handicrafts were selected and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. At the inferior level, one sample of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and T-test were used to test the assumptions. To determine the reliability of the test, Cronbach's alpha method was used. A single-sample parametric T test showed that rural handicrafts play a role in diversifying economic activities and the level of productive activity and participation of women, and reducing the role of these industries in the studied area has reduced the income of rural households as a result of their migration. To counteract the decline in the role of handicrafts in the region, rural women's familiarity with modern production methods, the application of women's knowledge of rural artists, and the raising of credits for training and insurance for rural women's artisans, not only contribute to the development of rural industries but also boost And the greater participation of rural women in production.