نشریه مطالعات اقتصاد اسلامی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 23، پاییز و زمستان 1398)

For achieving on best results of Islamic Economics in Practice, we need the best method. This method is different from methods that verify Islamic Economic Doctrine in Theory. According to this approach, we need to develop the theories that depend on contextual issues. The main idea of this article is that Islamic Economics could be adapted to real economy in our period of time. This study proposes a hybrid method that consists of macro approach to economic Fiqhi issues, analytical approach to economic systems and also the structure of Scientific Research Programs (SRP) of Lakatos. In this article we discuss about the macro policies that are necessary for adapting foundations of Islamic Economics doctrines from individual shariah duties towards shariah obligations for decision makers of governmental institutions. Fortunately and recently we observe new paradigm changing in fiqhi issues such as: theoretical fiqh and governmental fiqh.  And also this article proposes the process of developing theory from Islamic economic foundations to practical models.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of religion on the occurrence of incentive reversal in team work. In this regard, the basics of behavioral economics were used and sample also is done within the framework of the experimental environment to conduct sequential and simultaneous games that were complete, static and dynamic, and perfect and imperfect. A questionnaire was used to measure religion. Samples used in this study were 182 volunteers from Yazd and Ayatollah Haeri students who were willing to participate in this experiment. These samples participated in 12 stages of play (6 simultaneous and 6 sequential game stages), which included 2184 observations, and entered the lab at the beginning of the game and received written instructions. The results of this study showed that, at the level of individual performance, the decisions of individuals has no correlation with their religiosity; and in any case, the incentive reversal will occur. However, at the team level and in the simultaneous game, the results indicate the correlation of religiosity with the performance of individuals.

In this paper, using System Dynamics Approach to the evaluation methods of achieving economic justice. In this paper, the existing mechanisms in the economy that ultimately improved the income gap and increasing GDP per capita Which represents economic justice using causal relationships . Vensim software is used for drawing casual diagrams. The model is generated of the three sub model income gap, inflation and tax. In addition to providing social services to reduce the income gap is proportional to income deciles for basic needs the amendment to the income tax structure and transparency, to implement the Tax Justice. Tax Justice with an increase in per capita income will have an important role in reducing the income gap. Trying to reduce dependence on oil revenues and fiscal discipline are also factors in achieving economic justice. The government has also recommended the implementation of monetary and fiscal policy, inflation targeting does.

Over the past two decades, research on the role of government in the economy has focused on the size of government and its tasks in the economy in terms of the efficiency and effectiveness of the state in the economy. This change of view on the state of the economy has led to the formation of several studies on the formulation and presentation of indicators of government efficiency and effectiveness in global reports and research. In this regard, the adaptation of these indicators and the presentation of indicators derived from the principles and duties of the government in Islamic economics is of great importance. By adopting a straightforward conceptual approach to efficiency and effectiveness, the efficiency and effectiveness of the government can be arranged so that using resources and authority, the tasks are carried out in such a way that it has the highest output and revenue and achieve the most effective results. This research is based on the position and duties of the government in the economic system of Islam, after separating the areas of government duties, including macroeconomic, monetary and financial areas, government revenue and expenditure, justice and public welfare, administrative and management, regulation and market surveillance, security Economic and property rights and the field of science and education to extract and provide indicators of assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of government in the above areas and ranking each of the indicators based on the experts questionnaire. The index of the ratio of households under the headline of poverty to total households in the area of justice and welfare among64 indicators, ranked first, which shows that according to expert opinions, the area of justice in measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of the government with the index (low) ratio Households under the poverty line are the most important component and indicator. The set of identified and ranked indicators in this research can be used to measure government performance in accordance with Islamic economics.

After the Islamic revolution, justice was always one of the major polices of the leader. But performance of banking system from the perspective of justice was criticized by the economic experts. Scientific criticism must be based on the performance evaluation and empirical evidence. Measuring justice dimensions and its components requires the use of appropriate indicators. Considering the criticism of the banking system about the weakness of justice, in this paper, we examine the issue that the position of justice in the Iran banking system is improving. Therefore a number of justice indicators in the field of Islamic banking were extracted and then estimated the degree of compliance of the banking system with the criteria and indexes of justice by using the secondary data of the central bank. Non-parametric statistical methods named Mann-Kendall trend test was conducted for detecting the trends of each factor. Improving the components of justice (fairly distribution of resources, realization the purpose of depositor, poverty alleviation, and realization the rights of the parties) were tested through four hypotheses. The results showed that all of the justice factors, except the “realization the purpose of depositor” have no significant improving. In other words, the “realization the purpose of depositor” has a significant increasing trend. Furthermore, there was a downward trend in “fairly distribution of resources” and “poverty alleviation”. Also significant increasing trend of “non-realization the rights of the parties” was identified.

In interest-free banking system, banks sources distribution happens through the formation of exchanging and participatory of two contract groups. Regarding to different mentioned contracts profit rates and different refund periods and also the position of every one for various activities, facilities distribution in favor of every one can have different impressions on economic growth. This article has investigated the banking facilities distribution with emphasis on exchanging & incorporating contracts on economic growth in Iran. For this purpose, we have utilized 1985-2015 time series and Autoregressive distributed lag. Results show that the emphatic variables coefficient in short term and long one are obtained meaningful and according to the expectation. Logarithmic coefficient financial expanding index in short term with one & three intervals, in long term has been obtained positive and meaningful, that is illustrative of financial expansion positive role in economic growth. In contract, the banking facilities distribution index coefficient (exchanging to incorporative) has been obtained positive and meaningful in short & long terms that represents the positive exchanging contracts on economic growth, in effect, since the exchanging contracts benefit rates are lower and their refund period is longer than incorporative ones and in another situation these contracts are used in productive activities (in comparison to unproductive ones), facilities distribution in favor of these contracts has positive effect on growth.

Economic efficiency enhancement is one of the main challenges in Usury (Interest) free banking system. Nowadays, Efficiency is one of the essential measures to determine the level of competitiveness in domestic and foreign fields in various industries and organizations; Banks are no exception. In this research, technical, allocative and economic efficiency of 26 banks during the period of 2006 to 2015 is calculated using data envelopment analysis; then, using a dynamic panel specification and Arellano-Bond N-step GMM estimator, the inter-bank and intra-bank factors affecting the efficiency of the banks is examined. According to the results, there is a negative significant relationship between fixed assets and bank efficiency, and there is a positive significant relationship between differences between realized and on account profit (as index of banks performance based on usury (interest) free banking law), capital and loan facilities with bank efficiency; In contrast, there is no significant statistical relationship between the number of branches and efficiency of the banks. Also inflation leads to efficiency reduction and GDP growth leads to efficiency enhancement of the banks. Therefore with the reform of the bank resource allocation to fixed assets and adjustment of bank size (number of branches), In addition to increasing the level of capital, promotion of loan facilities and performance based on usury (interest) free banking law, can significantly increase the efficiency of banks.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the two types of Islamic finance instruments (Murabahah and Salam contracts) by influencing the contracting parties' utility. In other words, in this paper, the behavior of the economic agent in the form of the consumer of intermediate goods and the producer of intermediate goods in a two-period economy for the contracts of Murabahah and Salam is examined and optimized, and then using the genetic algorithm , The model has a numerical solution and it is determined: the total expected utility of the producer and consumer of the intermediary commodity in the financing of Murabahah method is more than the sum of the expected utility of the producer and consumer of the intermediary commodity in the financing by the inductor. In economic terms, Murabahah's contract is related to the Salam Pareto Optimal. In other words, given the degree of risk aversion, the utility of the intermediate goods producer and consumer in the Murabahah contract is more than the Salam. In this article, the necessary conditions for maximizing the utility of the parties to the contract are also extracted in the contracts of the Salam and Murabahah.

The loan Riba and transaction Riba are forbidden transactions and renting the soul and objects includes in halal deals. Does renting money with keeping all of the tenancy and its terms is an example of loan and Riba or includes in renting objects?
This research, while paying attention to the nature of money and its function, as well as taking into account the pillars and rulings of Riba loans and leases, claims that renting Money is as legitimate as renting a home or a car. And due to the difference in rental sentences and the risk taking of the Lender over borrowing in hypothesis and routine issues. What as a tenant's rent lending to a borrower is in the same way or in this kind of bondage is in contract. And this kind of rebuke is in other contracts such as Mudarabah, Musqaqat, Muzra'a, and Company. It is considered to be paid in excess of the debt of Rabavi as "Ribh Mala Yuzman" and the lender in addition, does not take any kind of risk to the capital, there is not a clear reason for forbidding renting money. The absence of a problem in ancient jurisprudential texts does not mean a ruling or a fatwa opposed to jurisprudents regarding this issue. Since the principle or the same thing is defined by itself and becomes meaning. The condition of survival with the benefit of it At Lease Pay Money And the probability that renting a trick is to borrow, despite the profound differences between these two, are eliminated.

Ja'alah (a promise of reward) is one of the ways to deal with others in Islamic jurisprudence which has considerable importance. This type of dealing allows consuetude in many sentences, just like other Signed deals not established one. In banking operations without usury it is tried to be using from this solution as an alternative ways instead of usury debt. There are Disagreement between jurists, mentioned in their works, in that is it possible to replace Ja'alah with all of juridical and legal provisions, instead of usury debts. We will pay to problem with the focus on Ja'alah contract materials by a quick and fast look in this Brief article. In this research using library based method, we will try to match the pillars and conditions of Ja'alah in Imaiah jurists famous sentences with what is in the contract. The purpose of that is to be shown the coherency between what is running in usual banking system and what is came in judicial texts. As a result it can be argued that although the entire clauses of contract have not bug, but some of it have, so we cannot say what is running in usual system is completely suitable and based on juridical foundation solution for usury debt in usual banking system. Finally, there are References to solving the problem, but the purpose of article is showing the present juridical bugs.

The proper fulfillment of the contracts specified in the Usury-Free Banking Act requires the implementation of special accounting rules which reflects the Usury-Free banking approach in the financial statements of the banks. Among these criteria, is the separation of bank income from Joint / Non-joint activities, and the formulation of Performance Statement of Investment Deposits. These criteria should be considered both in the domestic and foreign currency sector of the bank financial statements.
Through the analysis of Iran Central Bank's regulations on the calculation of Joint Revenues and the sharing of surplus earnings, and also by the examination of former financial statements of banks and the standard financial statements announced by the CBI, we show that the accounting processes related to foreign exchange deposits and facilities, is different from the Rial sector and does not fulfill the requirements of Usury-Free banking approach. This makes it virtually impossible to implement issues such as "Ala-al-hesab Interest on investment deposits" and "utilization of investment deposits in joint activities".
In fact, the current accounting practices regarding banks' foreign exchange assets and liabilities are exactly the same as those defined in conventional banking. Despite, Analyzing the international Sharia-compliant accounting standards, as well as the financial statements of foreign Islamic banks, shows that they do not distinguish between the monetary units of Islamic banks deposits in this regard. In order to remedy this defect in the banking system of Iran, suggestions are presented regarding the relevant regulations and standards.

Inspector and Auditor are considered as the pillars of a company. Their comments on the financial-economic information which are provided for shareholders, is considered to be the basis of decision-making and purchase or sale of shares by investors. Although, the rights and duties of inspectors and auditors are in different discretions, but they validate the financial information provided by companies. Despite the importance of their comments on economic and financial information of companies, there is no specified and strict enforcement except the article 267 of the Commercial Code. The article 267 is not comprehensive and has not included the auditors. This research is based on a library methodology with the aim of reviewing the guaranty of implementing the illegal behaviors of the inspectors and auditors of companies from the perspective of jurisprudence and law. Therefore, Article 49(3) of the Securities Market Act has been introduced as a guarantee of independent implementation of the auditor's and inspector's behavior. In addition, this article scrutinizes elements of this crime, describe some of the criticisms in this subject matter and some of the most important jurisprudential foundations in this area. Although in the religious texts, in the new issue of the subject, there is no detailed discussion of the company's audit and inspection, but some definite jurisprudential rules such as "Illegal Enrichment or unjust Enrichment", "Prohibition of Losses in Islam" and "Maintenance of the System" as this behavior criminology establishment has been described in this article.

Of the most important challenges in designing, constructing and implementing Islamic-Iranian Pattern of Progress (IIPP), is recognition of problems and challenges of Iranian economy. This can be the starting point of socio-economic movement of Iranian society in the way of IIPP. Recognizing these problems and challenges is helpful when it is based on a theoretical framework and methodology extracted from the context of IIPP. In fact, identifying economic problems is preceded by a scientific theory about Islamic progress.
Relying on Structural Justice as the basic theory of IIPP, it is aimed in this paper to introduce the methodology of extracting economic problems and challenges. So, in accordance with the SJ theory on necessity of balanced growth, the economic problems and challenged must be recognized from the standpoint of unbalancements and monopolies. In this regard, we have reached to three structural challenges in Iranian economy as to say: (i) banking system (unbalancement in creation and distribution of money); (ii) land and construction (unbalancement in circulation of capital in private sector); and (iii) oil and gas (unbalancement in acquiring and distribution of natural resources). In conclusion, it is emphasized that any strategy of moving toward Islamic-Iranian Progress rests on removing or at least alleviation of these unbalancements in Iranian economy.