فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصادی
پیاپی 128 (پاییز 1398)

Establishing social justice and equilibrium in society is one of the most important preconditions for development. Therefore, reducing the trend of increasing inequality for policymakers in many countries is a priority. Zakat is a financial tool in the macro system of Islamic society, which plays an important role in the effective allocation of income. The purpose of this article is to describe the theory of the role of zakat as an important tool in achieving efficiency and improving human development indicators. For this purpose, the Net Logo application has been used for agent-based modeling. This paper examines the actual effects of Zakat on the distribution of wealth in Islamic economics and compares conventional and Islamic economics. The results indicate that an Islamic economic system, in general, leads to higher human development indicators than a conventional investment model system. JEL Classification: C53, P4, D630, D310, E21

Poverty has different dimensions and multiple variables have effect on types of poverty. But in recent decades holistic look has changed to detailed and targeted poverty. Also, due to the severity of degradation and evacuation of the environment, in the transitional stages of countries to development, evaluation of environmental variables impacts such as water on poverty have been considered. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of groundwater resources extraction on absolute poverty in Iran's rural areas during 1985-2015, using the Markov switching specification and the determination of two absolute poverty schemes. The results showed that rural poverty in Iran's economy has two low and high poverty regimes. Low poverty regime tends to be more sustainable than high poverty regime. Also, the extraction of underground water resources in the high rural poverty regime has a nonlinear and threshold effect on the absolute rural poverty index. In other words, as long as the index is less than 74.46, its increase has been able to reduce rural poverty. But after increasing the extraction of groundwater resources and crossing the above threshold, increasing the extraction of underground water resources will increase the rural absolute poverty. These results indicate that groundwater resources should be exploited based on an optimal long-term extraction pathway in order to achieve sustainable development. In this way, it is suggested that the quality of water governance and access to water resources be implemented in the form of a comprehensive water resources management system in absolute poverty stress areas, in order to prevent environmental poverty in rural areas.
JEL Classification: L95, Q25, N57, P28, I32.

The economic dimension of the globalization process has led to the convergence and economic integration of countries in the fields of business, financial markets, capital and labor. Through various channels, global economic fluctuations is transmited to the domestic economy of the countries and it can safely be said that the exchange rate is one of the most important and most sensitive variables in transferring the effects mentioned. The main question of the present research is that how much the exchange rate changes affects consumer prices during the globalization process. The present study uses data from 32 developing countries and 24 developed countries during the period from 1980 to 2016, and using the panel smooth transition model, examines the degree of exchange rate pass-through on consumer prices for globalization regimes.  In this direction the KOF Globalization Index has been used. The results showed that the rate of exchange rate pass-through in developing countries is higher than in developed countries, and also, with the transition from the first regime (low globalization) to the second regime (high globalization), the rate of exchange rate  pass-through in the developed and developed countries increases and decreases, respectively.
JEL classification: E31, O24, F62

One of the characteristics of the banking industry is the inevitable effects of a bank's behavior on other banks (domino effect), and due to the incomplete and asymmetric information of financial sector actors, central bank, banks and customers, phenomena such as "herd behavior" and "Informational cascade", which affect the willingness of institutions to risky behavior, are likely among the financial institutions. TBTF, "too big to fail", as one of the characteristics of financial institutions, also affects the occurrence of phenomena such as herding. To ensure financial stability, central banks need to study the effective factors and the process of their impacts on the risky behavior of banks, taking into account the characteristics of the banking industry. In this paper, the effect of TBTF problem on the occurrence of herding and its resulting risky behavior has been investigated; the existence of TBTF reduces the probability of safe herd behaviors, increases the likelihood of epidemic risky behaviors, and thus increases the likelihood of financial crisis.In this case, increasing the number of banks will also increase the likelihood of occurrence financial crisis. JEL Classification: E58, G28,G21

Brain drain is one of the challenges facing many countries that are facing with that many countries and from it get memory to as a traumatic event in countries.Therefore, the assessment of the causes of brain drain is necessary and inevitable. One of the issues that can affect the flow of elites from developing countries is the high technology export development. Because the demand for specialized and educated labor increases with increasing exports of high-tech products and prevents from the exit of the scientific elite. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of high technology export development on brain drain from the selected countries of the MENA region to the United States during the period 2000-2016 using the generalized-moments method (GMM). The results of the study showed that there is a negative and significant effect between high technology export development index and brain drain in selected countries of the MENA region. Also, there is a positive and significant relation between indicators of welfare gap and the actual wage gap and brain drain in selected countries of the MENA region. Unemployment rate of graduates has also a positive and meaningless effect on brain drain.
JEL Classification: F22, F40, O31, C33.

Enhancing green productivity is an important way of achieving environmental objectives. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the determinants of green productivity growth measured by Malmquist and
Malmquist-Luenberger indices in Iran during 1975-2014. According to the calculations, green productivity growth has an increasing trend while total factor productivity has a decreasing trend with means of 0.976 and 0.990, respectively. We use the autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration as the estimation method. The estimated long-run elasticities of green productivity growth with respect to urbanization rate and fossil fuel consumption are -0.338 and -0.050, respectively.

One of the questions that our economists and policymakers are always facing is that, despite the sanctions, how was the process of productivity of the economic sectors of the country? In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the total factor productivity in terms of economic sanctions for the sectors of industry, agriculture and transportation in the Iranian economy. For this purpose, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Index have been used for the period from 1979 to 2017. The results indicate that sanctions have affected different levels of productivity and efficiency in different sectors. In the course of the study, despite the sanctions, the transportation sector had the best performance and the industry sector had the worst performance in terms of efficiency and efficiency. Also, based on the results, productivity changes in all three industries were more affected by technological changes.
JEL Classification: F51, D24, D61

The present study, using ordered multilevel model, examines Intention to stay of young people in Villages in selected cities of Kermanshah province for 1396. Three cities of Qasr_shirin, Paveh and Harsin and one village from villages of each city were randomly selected using two stage stratified sampling method. Dependent variable is Intention to stay of young people in Villages to five years. The results of study confirmed existence of inconsistencies between villages and studied cities. Gender variable was effective on Intention to stay of young people in Villages. On the other hand, accuracy of multilevel model compared to other old model showed that variables of education and age were insignificant unlike other studies. The variables of rural facilities, population and distance from village to city were also significant at village’s level and finally, population variable in level third. Based on research results, improving rural roads and increasing rural facilities can affect survival of rural youth in the study area. Therefore, it is possible to reduce migration of young people by increasing basic welfare facilities and infrastructure of motive road. On the one hand, with increasing in amenities, other services and non-agricultural jobs associated with the variable subdivisions of rural facilities are created. Hence, income gaps between rural and urban areas will be reduced, thus preventing from evacuation of villages. Regarding confirmation of heterogeneity in surveyed community, it was concluded that the implementation of general policies to reduce migration of young people has always failed. Therefore, it is suggested that in the policies related to the decrease of rural population, villages of each village and each city are separately analyzed and not provincial.
JEL Classification:C81, D04, O12

It has been accepted that uncertainty negatively affects economic activity and, therefore, economic growth. There are many factors which can cause uncertainty but among them Oil price shocks is definitely a very important one, especially in case of oil-exporting country. In this article the effect of oil price shocks on uncertainty in gold, stock exchange and foreign exchange markets in Iran has been investigated. doing structural VAR with monthly data in 2005-2015 period. Also SEARCH VOULIM INDEX was applied as an uncertainty measurement.The result revealed that oil price shocks increase uncertainty in gold and foreign exchange market. JEL Classification: Q43, D8

Informal income and pseudo financial statements are formed to tax evasion. In the model, informal sales are a function of company’s real and formal profit. The statistical distribution of corporate profit is a specific beta distribution which is called pert. The reason for selecting manufacture industries in this research is the complex process of converting input into output in these firms which makes it difficult to accurately audit the tax. Hence, the creation of informal sales in these firms seems possible. Parameters of probability density function for the profit ratio were calculated by a sample of Tehran stock member manufactures. The results of the study indicate that the informal income ratio at the 99% confidence level is between 11 to 12 percent of total revenues of the firms studied. JEL Classification:  H26, C15, L52