فصلنامه کهن نامه ادب پارسی
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 28، بهار و تابستان 1398)

Interjectional sentences are one a kind of grammatical structures in speech that can have different linguistic and rhetorical functions. It is possible to achieve the rhetorical goals of the interjection in these texts according to the dominant discourse on the textual context of AsraroTohid and Zhandeh Pil, which have a Sufi-didactic discourse. The authors of these works have used various linguistic features to inspire their intended meanings to the audience, among which "interjection" is one of the most widely used methods. The present research seeks to study the sentences' secondary meaning relationship after interjections and the method of using linguistic processes in Sufi-didactic discourse of AsraroTohid and comparing it with comparing it with Zhandeh Pil based on Abdul Qahir Jarjani's construction theory and Halliday's systematic functional grammar, so it becomes clear through this way that each of the authors of these two mystical texts have used what mechanism to teach their audience in the form of interjectional sentences. This research has studied Sufi-didactic discourse on two mentioned works through a descriptive-analytic method and based on the systematic functional approach; in this approach, experience patterns are represented in the form of processes and through the ideational meta-function in language. The findings of the research show that there is sometimes a significant relationship between the discourse secondary meaning in the sentences after interjections and the method of using linguistic processes in both mentioned books, and sometimes, also there is formed a "fluid flow", which more than anything else affected by the subject, the level of the audience awareness and the relationship between the speaker and the audience.

The story of the life of divine prophets has always been reflected in the poetry of the Persian-speaking poets, and each of them has paid attention to the theme and purpose of these stories in his poetry. In the meantime, the events of the life of Prophet Moses, whose name is mentioned more than any other divine prophets in the Holy Quran, have had a special reflection on the poetry of these poets. Among the various events of this divine prophet's life, the event of "Areni" and "Lan Trani" hearing of God have been interpreted and analyzed more than any other event in his life. On the other hand, this event seems to have been reflected in Persian mystical texts and prose more than any other text; less mystical text can be found that does not place this question and answer as a means of articulating a particular mystical subject or issue. In addition, this event is also reflected in Persian mystical poems that have dealt with it from other perspectives. In this article, by comparative analysis of the text, we are going to examine the thematic analysis of the reflections of "Areni" and "Lan Trani" in the poems of Persian poets.</span>

Editing and describing of Hadigha of Sana'i have many difficulties. The undertaker of such a difficult work should dominate the content features of the text, as well as its linguistic and verbal characteristics. In the new edition of this text, there are a lot of mistakes that some of them are corrected in this study, with regard to the text and the principles of the classical Persian verse. Unfortunately, in the new edition of the Hadigha, many mistakes have been made. The meter of many distiches has been disturbed. A lot of the editing symbols are false and need to be reviewed. Many distiches are read falsly and this bad reading has been reflected in the description part. Rhymes of some distiches are false and should be corrected. Two editors of this edition who have missed out the correction of a lot of the distiches, have correlated the bad rhymes to the style of the poetry of the poet, but this is often not the case, and according to the principles of the classical Persian poetry and knowledge of the history of the language, it is possible to achieve a better edition of the Hadigha and a more accurate analysis of the rhymes of this text. In the present article the poetical aspect of Sana'i is especially emphasized and giving evidence and reasoning, has been shown that the most mistakes are stem from the errors of the scribes and the editors, not from the stylistic features of the poems of Sana'i.</span>Key-words</span>The Hadigha of sana'I, Sana'i of Ghazna, editing of the classical Persian texts, the old persian pronunciations, Persian classical poetry, correct reading.</span>

Didactic literature is one of the means of prescribing moral norms. The tale is one of the best ways to prescribe approved morals; Because the tales are taken from people's lives or are made to convince the audience. It does not matter if the characters are human beings or animals with symbolic roles; However, two clear points can be understood from them: First, the proposed ethics is endorsed by the author (And from there, one can find out what kind of moral tastes have been made by the author and his audience); Secondly, the ethics of interest in that period have not been thriving (Accordingly, the mood of the people of that time can be guessed.) In this research, the mood of the characters of all 20 stories of the book, Makhzan al-Asrar , Descriptive-explanatory method has been investigated. The study shows that a large part of these tales are related to explaining how people behave in a non-material world. After that, in the stories, the relationship between the people and the government is explained and lastly, people's relationship has been investigated</span>

The proverb is the ancient heritage and the result of the culture, thought and experience of the ancientst. Of course, it is not doubtful that the cultural and literary element has its own characteristics under the influence of the geographic location of each land, and the nature of the work has been obviously involved. Persian and Arabic civilization have always had inseparable links in the cultural field, especially proverbs, in the context of their geographical coexistence. Therefore, by examining the proverbs of each of them, one can uncover the hidden angles of culture of every nation and nation. In this study, among the elements of nature, we examine the animals in the Arabic and Persian proverbs in order to identify firstly the type of animals used as boldly as these proverbs, and, in the second, the function of animals in Explaining the different concepts to be evaluated. In fact, the author of this study, through the descriptive and analytical study of animals in Arabic and Persian parables, looks at the distinctions and similarities of these proverbs

The book Bahjat al-Tawarikh, written by Shukrallah al-Rumi, is the first and most important public history written in the tradition of Ottoman historiography. One of the important points of this book is that it is Persian, and this shows that in that era, Persian was even more important than Turkish in the scientific and royal circles of the Ottoman Empire. Of course, this does not mean that Turkish was considered weak or backward in that era. The reason for writing this book in Persian, in addition to the spread of Persian in that land, was because the Ottomans considered themselves the heirs of the Roman Seljuks, and since there was a tradition of writing in Persian among the Roman Seljuks, the Ottomans wanted to continue this tradition. Give. Of course, modern research shows that the success of the Ottomans was not as great as that of the Seljuks, and the process, extent, and scope of this influence were limited. In this article, in addition to introducing the book and the author, we have examined and analyzed the contexts of writing this book and its effectiveness, as well as the content and sources of the book. Although this book has a historical look at the events of the world from the creation of Adam (AS) to the time of the author, but when it comes to the history of the Ottomans at the end of the book, in many places it has mixed reality with myth and exaggeration.

The theory of poetical mind is one of the most innovative and newest subjects in linguistics specially the gender and linguistics. This theory has been investigated more by Ronald wardhaugh, although there were some scholars who had talked about this subject before him. Some of these critics were Abram Tarasov and Andrea Lazard. Wardhaugh especially has explaind about this theory in his own book: a survey of applied linguistics. This theory briefly says that some scholars, especially women’s mind can achieve the correct and suitable meaning of a part of a poem I an unusual way of interpreting and meaning them in this essay we are going to consider two important corrections of manuscripts meaning hadigha alhaghigha by Maryam hoseini and khamseye nizami by samie basirmozhdehi. Some of the most important results are adaptability of the way of interpreting poetries in two corrections with wardhaugh,s theory.

Qoqnus is a legendary fowl of Iranian texts (Persian and Arabic) whose origin of its story is not Iranian.The oldest description of this bird is in Garshaspname and Tohfat al gharraibwithout mentioning its name and the book of al-Ma'tabar fi al-Hikma Baghdadi is the first work it has introduced in Arabic.Qoqnus has been usedvery little (about twenty times) in ancient Persian literature and it has been considered in contemporary literary by poets and writers.In this article, after looking at the most important Persian and Arabic references related to naming or introducing this bird, all its features are extracted from these texts and classified.Then all the evidence of its application in the past poetry of Persia and some of its important examples in contemporary poetry has been broughtand reviewed. Also in the end, fowls like the Qoqnus in some sources and similarities of this fowl with Phoenix of western narratives have been addressed.

Jacobson, introduces the instruments of influencing language in six areas of emotional, civic, referential, metaphorical, sympathetic, and literary influence audience by these channels. The statements of Hafez poetry are based on his goals and according to the personality of the audience. More function of the imperative, negatives, interjection and some of the predicative Encouraging the audience to pursue the goals of Hafez. lyrics of Hafez, as an exemplary example, the breadth of the poet's persuasive messages in various fields of religious, mystical, moral, cultural, political and social with a diverse audience is revealed. the poet intends to create change and correct in his audience. Audience that fits the theme of the message, they also have personalities and political and social institutions.The research method in this study has been used descriptive analytical. All Hafiz s Ghazaliat has been studied and issues of the discussion have been analyzed recognizing Hafez's audience can be understood the lyrics of this poetic poet. the more accurate knowledge of this audience, due to the more precise knowledge of this audience, there is a wide opening to a proper understanding of the socio-political environment governing Hafez's time and the current discourse.

From verses belonges to the poets of the classis period in Iran, there are existed a few number. One of the main concerns of the scholars in the field of Persian researches, is gathering the missing Divans of those poets through a lot of literary and non-literary sources. In this study, we are about to introduce some new poems extracted from three less known Persian and Arabic unpublished books. Of these, finding a verse from a Masnavi of Onsori-ye Balkhi called "Shadbahr-o Eyn al-Hayat", and a poem from Asjadi that offers a judgment about the literary value of Poetry (Nazm) and Prose (Nasr), can be recognized more significant. Other verses is from Abu al-Abbas Ma'mun Kharazm-Shah (Samanid era), Farrokhi Sistani and Zaynabi Alavi (Ghaznavid era).

Ode is the first form of Persian poetry. Therefore, recognizing the linguistic, literary and intellectual origins of this poetic form is important for understanding the origins of Persian poetry. To do this, you first need to see what antecedents and backgrounds have influenced the formation of the ode. One of the most influential backgrounds in this regard is the art of rhetoric. the use of rhetoric in pre-Islamic Iran and among the Arabs of the ignorance period and the Islamic period and ancient Greece, and its time priority compare to Arabic and Persian poetry has no doubt. On the other hand, the multilateral similarity of the poem form with rhetoric shows this effect on the Persian ode especially through the Arabic ode. This fact led to the descriptive and comparative method to be used in this article to study the art of rhetoric as one of the literary origins of the ode form. For this purpose, rhetoric and ode were studied from the perspective of structure, audience, tools, functions and decorations, and there were similarities between them.

In Persian language, there are poems which are merely made of long syllable. These poems are of two types: 1- A verse or line which its scansion meter turned to be a string of long syllables because of its Taskin license; whereas its standard meter should be found out through studying other sections of the poem. These scansion meters are free variant of the other meters. Syllabification in these poems is done based on standard meter. If two different verses of this type, each of them being free variant of another meter, have an equal length, so phonetic characteristic, which distinguishes the meter of these two verses, is foot stress. This stress is placed in the latest, long, non-final syllable of foot; and its nature is non-linguistic. 2- Poems which are originally made of only long syllable. The meter of such poems cannot be considered as free variant of another meter; their being rhythmic is resulted from their syllabification based on the length and boundary of words in such a way that the boundary of foot is usually coincident with the boundary of the word; and by an alteration in the length and syllabification of the words, their meter will also change. Phonetic characteristic, which makes it possible for foots to be identified, is the stress on the first syllable of each foot. Stress unifies some syllables together and differentiates them from other syllables as well as converting them to one foot; and meter is determined according to the number of syllables of foot.

"Seventeen dynasties" is one of Fatian's most valuable handwritings during the Safavid era, written by Hussein Ali Shirazi on the Nastaliq line. Its subject is the scientific and practical principles of Fatian in social life, and especially in various professions and languages. This work has twenty-three books and has been written on various topics of the photographer, including: the financial form, the guidance and the Master, the Abjad and the Tariq, the shaving of the Adam Safi (as), the great sins, the work of bakeries, the four multipliers, the proof of the bears and the stone and the scales, the Fateh Lang and... The main features of this text can be attributed to the attribution of traditions to the prophets and imams, the use of many verses and hadiths, the use of Persian poems, common vocabulary and common vocabulary among Fatian. The only version of this work is kept at the National Library of Iran under No. 32179, in which we will present a full introduction of the typology and bibliography to this edition.

Since the second half of the eighteenth century, Bedil (1644-1720), has been one of the most popular poet of Persian speakers in Central Asia whose heritage became the source of professional audiences for Persian poetry. Whatever their linguistic and cultural origin, they interpreted this heritage according to their mental antecedents and interests. Based on the achievements of philosophical hermeneutics, the author seeks to find an answer to this question: besides the characteristics of Bedil's heritage, what are the social and cultural fields of the region that led to the adaptation and interpretation of his poems from the public viewpoint? According to the results of this research and besides the fact that Bedil's ancestors migrated from central Asia to India, the main reason for the attention of the local audience to Bedil could be Bedil's worldview, the readability of his poetry, and the developments in Central Asia during the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, the emergence of new intellectual tendencies in the region which has, on the other hand, contributed to the formation of this type of reading.

Understanding the meanings of prepositions, such as "az", is necessary due to the decisive role it plays by induction. In order to find out more about "az", with the approach of linguistic stylistics at the lexical level and by adopting a descriptive-analytical method, the use of the twenty-nine meanings of "az" was studied within: Tarikh-e Belami, Tarikh-e Beyhaqi, Jame’ol-Hekmatain, and Qabus-Nameh- related to the first and second period of Persian prose. The purpose of this study is to facilitate the perception of the texts of these two periods, recognition of the sharing, differentiation, to earn the percentage of the use of the meanings of "az", and its generalization in other similar works based on linguistic stylistics. Understanding the meanings of this statement can be a tool for accurate interpretation and explanation of texts. The outcome of the research reveals that, in comparison with all the books, the highest and lowest frequency is in the Tarikh-e Belami with 29.74 percent and Tarikh-e Beyhaqi with 19.64 percent, respectively. However, in comparison with two periods, the frequency of "az" is 51.34 percent within two books of the first period, and 48.66 percent within two books of the second period. In addition, the most widely used meaning belongs to “Tabeiz” with 44 times repetition in the first period, and the least frequently used meanings equally belongs to “Taozih” and “Mosahebat” in the first period; “Entesab”, “Fasl va Tamiz”, and “Baraie” in the second period, with only one repetition for each meaning. The other meanings of "az" apply in almost invariant distribution within both periods but, even so, there is not any distinctive distribution between each specific meaning within two separate periods

One of the important thing to study cultural and literary relations between different territories is comparison and matching their written works which help to find their relation and effects on each other. One of the types of written works that well represent the various cultural, social, political, etc. aspects in each land are dictionaries or glossaries. In this research, an attempt has been made to comparatively study the type of structure and division of sources in the Persian dictionary "Bahr-e Ajam" and the Arabic dictionary "Al-Majm Al-Wajiz" by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources. After analyzing these two sources, it was understood that in the Persian dictionary "Bahr-e-Ajam" the sources are divided into two simple and compound parts and are often made using suffixes. In the Arabic dictionary "Al-Majm Al-Wujiz" the sources are either singular or abstract. They are rules or they are more and more analogies that are made by going to certain weights.