فصلنامه آمایش جغرافیایی فضا
پیاپی 32 (تابستان 1398)

Applying of two systems Light Rail Transit and Bus Rapid Transit as skeleton of public transport has been defined in Mashhad city. There are problems in the line routes of the system including about 50 percent coverage with each other along their routes that this problem reduces the system's coverage. This research is done with the aim of re-designing of the mentioned routes with a view to maximizing system access. Research method is both qualitative and quantitative and it is applied research. To reform the public transport skeleton routes a mathematical modeling approach is applied using ant colony algorithm. Then combined access index using Hansen method has been calculated divided to 253 traffic zones and in two different cases, system status quo and the system proposed by research. The population access, the places of employment and attractive land uses were have noticed on calculating the mentioned index. The research data were obtained from database of comprehensive transportation study of Mashhad which was update at 2013 using documentary study. Improved routes of public transit skeleton have been defined as the results of this research that they have no coverage with each other so the system coverage is increased while their overall length is less than the approved routes. Also the access index significantly increased in case of modified system compare with the primary one. Given that the existing public transit skeleton system has been designed with methods based on movement, the results of this research reveals differences between the methods based on movement and access in case of designing of public transport.

Investigating the newest statistics and information indicates that the annual growth of tourism industry is ascending. in the event that the number of tourists in the year of 2013 with the growth rate of 5%, is equal to 1.780 billion people The purpose of this study is to assess tourists’ satisfaction with performance of dimensions of destination of tourism product & based on the Scio-demographics characteristics such as gender, age, marital status, level of education, income, and occupation. This research is based on descriptive-analytic method, and a self-administrated questionnaire was used as a survey instrument. The validity and reliability of the survey instrument were based on two methods, content validity (specialists and experts’ attitudes) and Cornbach’s alpha (α =0.9). In total, 200 questionnaires were distributed among the sample chosen by convenience sampling method. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. The results of the comparative analysis indicated that there was no different level of tourist satisfaction based on gender, marital status, and income with the performance of dimensions of Ghorogh Forest Park tourism product. In contrast, there was a significant difference in tourist satisfaction based on age, level of education for destination image, as well as in destination facilities based on occupation. Moreover, the results of the correlative analysis implied that gender, age, marital status, level of education, income, and occupation did not affect the tourists’ satisfaction significantly. The results of this analysis will help decision makers and officials of the Park to enhance tourists’ satisfaction by designing effective strategies. Keywords: Tourism destination, Tourism product, Tourists’ satisfaction, Tourist profile, Ghorogh Forest Park.

In the current situation, Balanced spatial distribution of municipal services in the city is the most important signs of social justice and Important role in the harmoniousn develo pment of their areas.Health services in every community and people of physical and mental health is a prerequisite for sustainable development.. Analytical paper on the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of Khuzestan province in terms of health services with 31 indicators has been developed. The method used is descriptive analysis of data envelopment analysis is used. The results show that of the 24 cities studied,Analytical paper on the effectiveness and in effectiveness of Khu zestan province in term s of health services with 31 indicators has been developed. The method used is descriptive analysis of data envelopment analysis is used. The results show that of the 24 cities studied, 15 of them with less tha n one percent efficiency as inefficient cities And other cities over 9 percent of the performance is to be known. 15 of them with less than one percent efficiency as inefficient cities And other cities over 9 percent of the performance is to be known. The results of the Matrix crossover performance reflects the fact that Ramshir, haftgol and Lali able to rank first among the cities studied and respectively. On the other hand, such as the cities of Abadan, Ahwaz and Bavi in late position and are at a disadvantage. In general, 62 percent of cities and inefficient disadvantage is that reflect their disadvantage in terms of efficiency.

The spatial structure over time and so the place, time and form have been gradually developed. The first step in understanding the spatial structure of the deteriorated areas, it has been necessary to study the history and evolution, so that we can isolate the factors affecting the incidence of deteriorated caused by the physical – spatial studied the in the city structure. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the causes of deteriorated was conducted during historical periods. For this purpose, using space syntax; linear maps of the city during different stages of growth and development of the city was prepared. Then this software depthmap were analyzed. This analysis has been extracted in the form of tables and maps, and so by examining changes the parameter integration and integration differences during different periods was carried out. It was concluded that the root causes of deterioration in physical isolation – spatial urban tissue. The survey showed that the main cause of changes in integration and the difference to develop urban interventions during time. By examining the correlation between two variables, both local and golobal integration which represents the adaptation and spatial interaction between old tissue and new; It was found that the correlation coefficient between the two variables was higher in the course of the spatial match between the two features is reduced global and local. And reducing causes isolation of the space between the old and new tissue. So a total of some actions because of the deployment of thinking sometimes leads to isolation Urban Space in the city's neighborhoods followed by social isolation, governs it and set this process has created the phenomenon of burnout. It can be said that before making any changes in the spatial structure of the city the impact of changes in the structure of space syntax by modeling and evaluated. To thereby prevent the occurrence of the phenomenon of burnout.

Aesthetic characteristics of rivers is the main reason of attracting tourists. But the unexpected presence as well as economic activities by local residents has reduced aesthetic quality of the rivers of Kermanshah. For planning purposes, it was study and ranked the aesthetic quality of 19 tourist sites. Therefore the leopold’s method was used in which 46 effective factors divided to three types of factors, physical, biological and human interest factors, and then the factors was measured or scored from 1 to 5 in the field. The results of the comparison charts and tables showed that width, depth and pattern of river through of physical factors , and the clear and discoloration of water and presence of trees around the rivers through biological factors are the most important aesthetic factors. While between these two groups of factors, only in some places muddy and dull color of the water has reduced the quality of them. Despite these factors, human interest factors have had the greatest impact in quality of rivers in this region . Some areas, such as the village of Galin which have been out of reach, have been able to maintain its beauty. However, the high degree of urbanization and construction and economic activities on the river’s valleys and river’s beds such as the construction of fish ponds not only has been influenced the quality of landscapes strongly but also affected their physical and biological characteristics. The expansion of human activities such as building dams has transformed the landscape of some areas.

Abstract Zoning surface karst development by using Fuzzy logic model in Bisotun limestone mass Bisotun Limestone mass situated in the north and northeast Kermanshah Province and high Zagros structural unit. Due to the span, purity and Bisotun limestone formation thick, high density faults, joints and cracks, high altitude differences and is also suitable climatic conditions, developed karst landforms in this mass is formed.Zoning surface karst development by using Fuzzy logic model in Bisotun limestone mass Bisotun Limestone mass situated in the north and northeast Kermanshah Province and high Zagros structural unit. Due to the span, purity and Bisotun limestone formation thick, high density faults, joints and cracks, high altitude differences and is also suitable climatic conditions, developed karst landforms in this mass is formed. Nine elements of lithology, faults, elevation, rainfall, temperature, use land (vegetation), slope and aspect as independent variables in the process of karst formation and development and also geomorphology karst formation are involved in the study area. Mapping of surface karst development and the effects of different factors in permeability formations, Is necessary. The fuzzy logic model (gamma function) In order to achieve this goal, is used. Based on the results, Bisotun mass in terms of zoning surface karst development were divided four four non Karst region, Karst with the development of low, medium developed and developed regions. Evaluation zoning map with sinkholes and karst Polje, showed high precision and high efficiency of this model to evaluate the development of karst surface. Key words: zoning, development of karst, fuzzy logic, Bisotun

In order to investigate the pattern of the rainy days of western Iran, the daily rainfall data from 17 synoptic stations in Hamedan, Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces were used during the period of 1992-2012. The following values of geopotential height at 500 hPa for courses extraction and the factors and weather types during the event precipitation factor analysis and cluster surround procedures were identified in the region. To evaluate the weather data more closely related to sea level pressure, geopotential, vertical velocity, specific humidity, zonal and meridional wind components from the Web site of the National Center for Environmental Studies and forecast / climate science (NCEP / NCAR) obtaining and attempting to atmospheric levels were mapping.The results of the factor analysis on data in 500 hPa geopotential showed eleven factors are involved in daily precipitation total area of these eleven factors of 91% (first factor 60%) of the total variance explained it. The results indicate that the formation of a dominant pattern in middle levels and deep the trough on the Black Sea and the Mediterranean is established That formed the core of the system has led to the north of the Red Sea also drawn its spin can bring heavy precipitation and learning area.The sources of moisture in the region can be found in the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf, which acts as a hybrid and independent. The results also showed that the most effective factor in rainfall in the region is the Sudanese low pressure penetration to the western regions of the Middle East.

Today the segregation is posed in a more general form as the problem in the city and to consider the its nature ,its causes and its consequences. We can easily formulate ideas about segregation purely in terms of social and economic factors without invoking space. But segregation is a spatial term. The urban segregation is becoming increasingly a common phenomenon in many cities in developing countries. this study presents an urban simulation of economic and social segregation of different classes of residents in Shiraz city by using of agent-based modeling that its designing is based on Schelling model about segregation. for this purpose, the study is used the useful Repast software(one of the social simulation softwares). In total, the results of the research show that all of the three socio-economic groups have maintained the significant portion of their statistical blocks in the end of the simulation. This reflects the prevailing high segregation in the city of Shiraz. Also, the medium socio-economic group will tend to live in the eastern part of Shiraz. The high socio-economic group will continue to move toward the inner urban areas and the northwest of the city. The low socio-economic group will tend to live in the western parts of the city and in return, it will lose a significant number of its blocks in the eastern part of the city. In addition, the lowest amount of displacement of urban households in Shiraz city, will be belonged to the high socio-economic group. In return, the households of the middle and the low socio-economic groups, in the situation is almost similar to each other, have to more displacement for achieving their ideal status.

Geographical sciences moreover dominant paradigms epistemology and methodologies in different periods have been affected from geographical scales. The geographical scales have been the guideline of geographers for knowing spatial phenomena and generally universe. This article has done by analytic method and historical approach. It followed the evolution of geographical studies on the base scale and explained the appearance of a new geographical paradigm in form world cities. The research results showed that there are three approaches for studies of spatial phenomena on the foundation of the geographical scales: Mosaic, Systematic and Network. Approximately, every approach dominated on geographical sciences in specific periods. The mosaic approach has been older and dominate paradigm in geography. In fact, it is central-country approach. The systematic approach was seen in the second half of the twentieth century. It used for analyzing core-periphery structure. In the beginning years of the third millennium, the network approach created gradually. The network approach created from the effect of development of information communication technology on space and forming concept of space of flows and space of places. More recently geographers have focused on the concept of networks to explain links between the ‘global’ and the ‘local’ and in doing so have reflected critically on the nature of the former. This focuses on the connections between different people and institutions located on specific nodes across the world. These specific places are the world cities or global cities. This is new phenomena. It emphasizes on the world cities structure. To seem that modern geography needs to all theirs and any theirs can not only explain world facts.

Urbanization in Contemporary times And the emergence of megacities As places Aggregation Dense Population and also Density Great Capital and Assets On the one hand and the risk of natural and synthetic potential of most of them on the other hand A lot of attention in recent years, among planners, governments and nations on the issue of risk management and it has attracted. Safety against risks and crisis of the most basic principles in order to achieve an optimal Standard urban comfort. Nowadays vulnerability of urban settlements, Undefended spaces, Unsafe neighborhoods, Cities with the wrong architecture, All of the factors threatening the urban and social security.in iran Positions Geostrategic And geo-economic country And accepting 31 of the 48 known species of global risk Formation of oriented population centers, Predisposing The formation of urban settlements Mainly The risk is unsafe. Geostrategic position, Deployment in earthquake risk zones with an average risk and And the risk of flood and also Strategic position as a Defensive city in the West Country, Necessity Attention locating Urban Haven has Kuhdasht inevitable. In order to location a city haven Kuhdasht, Seven index (Education, Health, Terminals, Commercial, Road The arterial classy, Residential and military) Previous research study at Inside and abroad, Delphi method and Expert opinions And considering the geography of risks Kuhdasht extracted. Due to the effects various indicators of The hybrid model GIS-AHP-FUZZY for Valued And Location model parameters used. In addition to identifying the most important factors affecting the location of haven And locate the most suitable place to build a city haven , Determination Limit For urban haven to can A key finding This Research Knew.

Border Security firm support for the security of various dimensions within the country And any insecurity at the border could in the economic, cultural, political, social, military and interior interfere And enables the optimal security level in the country's internal security service provide a significant contribution to Hovd. One of the most important aspects of land use considerations of defense - its security. Because the need for military and civilian defense are issues which all aspects of life in today's world slush and settlement activities in the areas of strategy is not only to create. In Iran, an important objective of socio-economic programs after the revolution, reducing poverty and eliminating inequalities between regions is to create sustainable security. methods of this research is applied Analytical and the purpose of this article, the city of North Khorasan province As one of the deprived provinces border, according to four basic dimensions of sustainability, and the 80-item Using cluster analysis in SPSS environment as well as calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient To assess the similarity is calculated with respect to the sustainability of city security And to draw maps Gis been transferred to the final results. According to research findings city Jargalan secret and stability at the lowest level of security. For poverty elimination and balancing area requires serious attention and strategic planning officials. Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract

Reducing road dangers for tourists require emergency stations and roadside assistance during different events. And other services between the way such as residance that have a good place to relax, reduce stress and achieve a high degree of satisfaction to tourists. The establishment of these complexes and job creation is to expand the surrounding areas. Characteristics for site selection and design of road residence, is dependent on climatic conditions of region. Iranian people, especially citizens in areas that are warm invented ways to cope with the harsh climate. Earth sheltered architecture as one of these methods to build resorts, architecture,use of Abuttals to the outer walls of the building as thermal mass to reduce heat dissipation and protection is easy to keep indoor air temperature. In the present study after studies and determine the main characteristics to locate the earth sheltered road residence in Semnan province using geographic information system, The data of each characteristics by taking into account the weighted professionals in the field, And in order of priority to the phased approach of drawing layer and is applied in the desired range. So at any step after the check, void the test areas were removed and applied to the appropriate areas remained next step. In this way, all indexes are applied and On this basis the final map was drawn from the model, They finally selected site within 20 kilometers East of Shahrood city, is located on the north side of the shahrood-sabzevar international road As the best location for the project was chosen road residence with approach to earth sheltered architecture.

The lack of a sense of belonging in all urban environments ranging from small cities, towns, cities and metropolitan middle features hidden problems that rootlessness, lack of identity, indifference and non-responsibility of citizens have been exposed. This research, knowledge of the sense of place in three cities, small, medium, metropolitan, and comparing the three towns in question and the factors influencing them is a sense of place. This study is the objective, functional and in terms of methodology and survey research tools, researcher made questionnaire that its validity through the formal validity abdcronbach's alpha reliability coefficient test with 0.78 has confirmed. Population consisted of all citizens 380Sabzevar, 383 sample size samples in Khaf, 384 samples in Mashhad. According to the research questions and the whole 1-5 results in mind, figure 3 as a theoretical middle, mashhad metropolis with the greatest sense of place 4.4 and in second Khaf3.3 average and Sabzevar with the 2.3 final was in order. Regression Analysis Research's index of 5 to 85 percent of variability (sense of place) explains and the results show that the variable quality of service, maximum impact and after participating in social activities in order of increasing effect on the sense of place will be studied in three cities. The results of the present study is consistent with previous results and Nyvbay Bell (1976), which, because of both the strong sense of belonging pointed out in small cities. In this study, the city KHAF as one of the small towns showed a high sense of belonging. Keywords: sense of place, towns, medium City, metropolitans, Khaf, Sabzevar, Mashhad

Thunderstorm is a major climatic hazard that puts a lot of damage to different sectors. Therefore, evaluation of its spatial-temporal characteristics can help a lot to understand the rules of its occurrence and determine the potential of different regions. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics of thunderstorms in Iran based on the latest hourly data. For this purpose, the hourly data of thunderstorms from 42 synoptic stations in 7 different status, from precipitation to dusty and heavy hail, 8 times a day were obtained from Iranian Meteorological Organization in a 37-year period (1980-2016). Then using cluster analysis, the country was divided into four zones based on the frequencies, and the occurrence of phenomenon in each zone was analyzed. Then, using the Mann-Kendall, linear regression and Sen's slope estimator statistical tests, the temporal trend of the phenomenon was investigated in the country. The results showed that the most thunderstorms occur in northwest and west of the country, around Urmia, Tabriz, Khoy and Khorramabad stations, and also south of the country around Bushehr station. In seasonal and monthly scales, the highest frequency can be seen in the spring with a maximum of May. In spring, northwest, in summer, northern coasts and northwest, in fall, southwest and west, and in winter, southern coasts and southwest of the country experience more thunderstorms. In hourly scale, it became clear that the storm would be delayed due to the regions’ temperatures. Hence in warm regions it happens in the sunrise and early morning, and in cold regions in the sunset and early evening. But in general, thunderstorms are more frequent in 21:30 local time and then with a slight difference, in 18:30. In most stations the number of thunderstorms is increasing.

Abstract Urban resident life quality is a multidimentional construction including of several independent domain such as physical and mental health ,social relations , functional roles and life satisfaction .so , addition to economic problems this study investigated social and enviromental concerns.Quality of life has devoted a great deal of research in recent decades and has been closely linked to the political, social and applied fields, such as urban and regional planning, health promotion, research into social, economic, and psychological indicators. In this regard , basic purpose of the research is study of life quality according to enviromental indicators from inhabitant of Seman perspective swhich ran by filling field questionnaires . the data are extracted by the SPSS Software and statiscal approaches such as single item T test and multidimentional hierarchy regression and also analized by the Spearman correlation and its validity is measured by Chronbach”s Alpha test. accordingly , findings of this study presented that enviromental and residential unit”s quality have ideal position , identity and social relation indicator are in the average quality level and public spaces quality and access to service , public transportation are in the lowest level . also finding of this study showed that from citizen perspective , esprit in local spaces , identity and social relations , residential units quality , public trasportation , public spaces and enviromental quality ,access to service , respectively have important level quality . also indicated that there wasn”t any relation between life satisfaction and education degree and but there was relation between income and life satisfaction with positive bias . ve bias

This study, focused on the elements and indicators of urban environment instability as a major component of quality life and sustainable urban development, investigates the levels of urban areas of Alborz Province in terms of utility and development of environmental indicators. The research method is descriptive–analytic and the approach used in the study is applied in nature. The population consists of cities in Alborz province which is selected to evaluate the condition of its urban residence in terms of having environmental indicators. The required data were collected using the documentary (library) method based on the latest data released by the Statistical Center of Iran and statistical yearbook of Alborz Province. Data analysis was conducted using SAW model and Shannon Entropy method was used to weigh the indicators Protecting the environment and moving towards sustainable development are largely focused by politicians and decision- makers. The environment consists of natural and man-made elements spanning in biological geography. These elements include physical, biological, social, economic and aesthetic factors that affect members of a society. Based on the results obtained from data analysis, cities of Karaj (0.63953), Savejbolaq (0.48978) and Nazar Abad (0.22405) are ranked first to third, respectively, Ishtehard (0.20817) is ranked fourth and finally Taleqan (0.1656) is ranked last. In conclusion, the study findings reveals that city managers, citizens and human beings, as a whole, are responsible to protect the urban environment and prevent different types of pollution and environmental pollutants in the context of cities in order to maintain a stable and sustainable urban ecosystem because inattention to natural context of cities may lead to irreversible consequences on human life and the urban life is increasingly affected by such negative impacts.