فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 41 (تابستان 1398)

The events of Karbala, over the centuries, Sustainability has had an impact on successive generations. The social currents that have emerged as a result of this incident are proof of this effect. Taziyeh art, as one of the most varied variants of the discourse of this event, is among these currents. art on the path to his own presentation, He has benefited from numerous social, political and cultural factors. But should the roots of this traditional religion only be sought in the ancient religions of Iran, such as Siavash and...?What is less considered; Examining the role of political interactions such as;Conflict and interaction between different religions and their relationship with rulers and spontaneous grassroots movements in the rise and fall of the evolutionary process of the discourse of the event is a similitude. In this paper, it is attempted to reveal the role of such political factors in the formation of this ritualistic art, using analytical and descriptive methods and using existing documents, reports and historical books.

Judging from the positions that the first caliph was the following tasks and gradually be delegated to others. But despite the Abbasid caliphs were seeking justice delegated to others, as well as its religious position for their own political gain. The Ottoman sultans claimed Islamic News hence were required to lay the foundation for the rule of law with leaven. As a result of this approach, judges, law enforcement in the body as an arm of the state government had a unique role. This study attempted to analytical method, according to historical sources, the political status of the judges during the Abbasid and Ottoman period as compared to the comparative. The results suggest that Abbasid created position of chief justice and the independence of the judiciary and the Ottoman Sultans Court by creating the post of chaplain and the organization of the judicial system with the school system, promote political position were judges.

Ports are among the most important centers in formation of civilizations and development of trade and commerce between different regions, in fact, Sea routes were the main channels of connection between regions that lacked land routes without which.  Sea ports linked diverse communities and served as a focal point or nerve center for disseminating goods, ideas, and people.  Trade and commerce, sometimes created conditions for encouraging small and large-scale emigrations and inspired military conquests missions.  Suakin remains one of the principal ports of eastern coasts of Africa to have played an important role in trade relations between Great Saharan steppe, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula.  During the Fatimid and Mamluk eras, Suakin was a principle point through which merchants and sailors travelling in the Red sea, converged.  Its importance in the long-distance trade was so crucial that different governments competed for its control.  The present study reports results of a recent investigations of the importance of 10th century AH Suakin port as a regional and international cultural and commercial center.

The tradition of awarding badges from the Qajar era began because of their relationship with the European countries And away from the spiritual value, gradually become a form of imitation. Lack of knowledge and understanding of the Qajar statesmen from the process of the formation of badges and medals in Europe and its historical course and The similar attitude of the Qajar Governors about medal and gift with Oriental attitude and Lack of meritocracy in internal relations Reduced the value of medals in this period and The king of that time inevitably chose new medals to raise the value of medal. And this incorrect cycle was repeated in Qajar era and The badges lost their value. The present research seeks to answer the following questions using library resources: What was the process of inventing and using badges in the Qajar era? and How much is the medal and badge's position in foreign relations? The research method in this paper is library resources and the analysis of existing resources, especially the main sources. In this historical research, after the gathering of necessary ​necessary information ’ organizes and analysis information, and finally to deduce them.

Makran was a vast area in southeastern Iranian Plateau that stretched from Kerman in the west to Sindh in the east. This vast expanse reached Sistan in the north and the Sea of Oman in the south. Historically, this area had been called Maka, Mika, Mookran, etc. The land has a special geographical significance and its ports have for long been great trade hubs. Makran has a multi-millennial history and a rich civilization. There are multitudes of opinions regarding the lexical root of Makran, its geographical limits, and its political-administrative relations with the contiguous provinces. There are also conflicting views about cities, ports and villages of Makran. Evaluating the historical and geographical texts on Makran, this article is aimed at answering some questions.

Study of the remained resources from south of Saudi Arabia indicates that in spite of mythic understandings of some historians,Ṭabari's narration demonstrate that Tabābi ̒a kings had march to China and Tibet borderlines.This is not only in agree with fourth century Yamani stone writings,but also it is near to historical realities remained from sources of per-seventh century.Current article with scientific approach in history and by a descriptive analytic methodology aimed to find response to this question that what is the mean of reports from this event and what geographical and characteristics are included.On the basis of our study we can say that this march is in accord with clues of geographical history and probably Tibet is current Tajikistan. Many reasons as tribute to the Sāsānids by the Hephthalites, Qobād weakness caused by Mazdakiys and their improper supports from Kendiys is a rival of Munzers household lead to some Tabābi ̒a marches.

The Timurid era was the rise, rise, and activity of the most Sufi sects in society. Hence, in this era, people became more and more interested in these sects and separated from official religion in comparison with previous ages. Meanwhile, the popularity and popularity of the Sufi dynastic dynasties in Timurid society was by no means the same. One of these traditions, which gained a very significant position both among the people and among the upper classes of the Timurid community, was the Nazarene dynasty. It is an abundance of names, activities, popularity of its leaders, its followers, and solidarity With the rule of Timurid in the resources of this period