مجله پژوهش های ترجمه در زبان و ادبیات عربی
پیاپی 20 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

Legal translation entails not linguistic aspects, but it results in the law perceptions. Transferring semantic, textual, and pragmatic aspects of legal concepts are desired to reach to an appropriate translation. Legal issues such as inheritance, marriage, divorce, the rights of orphans and other related legal areas are among the most important and social subjects in every culture, and each country. Most of the legal issues rooted in Divine Books, not least the Islamic laws which sprang from the injunctions stipulated in about three hundred verses of the Qur’an so their mistranslations might damage the Muslim and non-Muslim understanding of Islam and the Qur’an. This article examined the translation of 34 samples of legal concepts stipulated in the verses of the Qur’an, which are translated by some 21 translations (9 Persian and 12 English translations). The findings show that only about 34 percent of translations could nearly transfer the legal concepts of the Qur’an. To translate legal concepts and to introduce a reliable translation of the Qur’an, the study suggests, one need to employ Islamic jurists’ opinions and Figh Scholars of Islam. Also, it is advisable to offer some explanations about the legal aspects of the verses in parenthesis or footnotes.

Cultural elements are the identity of a nation and can also be added to the cultural transfer of the destination if it is correctly translated. Therefore, the translator must have sufficient control over the language of the source language and the target language, while at the same time interpreting. The present study intends to examine the equivalence of the cultural elements of the novel "Noun Valley" by Jalal Al-Ahmad based on the categorization of Sadegh Hedayat's cultural categories in the Arabic translation of Majeede Al-Annani. Since the transmission of all the semantic layers of a word from one language to another is difficult and cannot be precisely determined for each of the cultural elements of the language in the target language, the explanation of the concept of each term commensurate with the semantic realm and cultural theme requires an independent solution to equivalence Is. Hence, the Newark guidelines are the basis of this research. The findings of this research, which have been deductively inductively, and its important examples have been chosen as the content of the article, suggests that in translating cultural material elements, the interpreter has often used the cultural equivalents and descriptive equivalents that can be derived from the cultural-cultural coherence of the source and the destination. In the translation of the spiritual elements of the translator, in addition to the cultural mean, the functional equivalent and the descriptive equivalent of the compilation method are used and explains the interpretation of the desired category.

One of the prominent patterns to the qualitative advancement level of translation and especially in the meaning-based translation`s area is Larson`s theory. Laying out a process in translation, Larson initially focuses on discovering the primary meanings of the text, followed by studying the language`s construction and how to restate those meanings in the target language. Consequently, his approach in this theory is majorly a linguistic one. Larson first asserts the recognition of features constituting meaning in the source language. Then according to his assessment, he deems the application of those features or similar structures important. Some of the features of the source language include the multiple meaning of words along with explicit or implicit information within the text. The Holy Quran involves various styles of expression such as metaphorical and allegorical application of words, allusions, similes, etc. as well as implicit themes and information. The majority of these features that comply with Larson`s theory are present in Kahf Surah. Subsequently, the subject of discovering the themes asserted in these titles and restating them to the target language audience has been manifested in various forms in Yahya Yasrebi`s translation which could be contrasted using Larson`s theory. Conducted through the descriptive-analytical method, the researcher attempts to compare the aforementioned Kahf`s Surah translation with this theory and express the existing challenges in this translation. The result of the study shows that in addition to discovering meanings in Yasrebi`s translation, he has also paid attention to transferring the explicit and implicit information present in Kahf Surah.

Metaphor as one of the aesthetic aspects of the language, especially in literary works such as the Qur'an, has always been noticed between the proponent fan and literary, and one of the most widely used rhetorical aspect. The conversion of metaphor seems to be impossible in the eyes of some people, which is unlikely.  Of course, such great theoreticians as Newark has proposed a precise definition of the translation of metaphor, which today is used by various translators, especially religious sciences. In this essay, after a quick look at the general definition of metaphor and the expression of the structures and frameworks that Newmark proposes for the translation of the metaphor, we look at the comparison of the translation style of the Foladvand and the Halabi of the metaphors of the part one of Quran. The purpose of this paper is to open up a new ideology of metaphorical translation to advance its audience. The method we have adopted in this article is to examine, through various interpretations, the style of the translation of the two abovementioned translators and, finally, to statistically state which translators are using the most theoretical framework and the reason for the high or low frequency of some What are these frameworks in the work of two translators? Although in the old translations we saw the interpreter's commitment to reproduction to preserve the source language, today there are various ways to translate the metaphor into which each particular goal is pursued.

According to some critics and literates, the translation of the contemporary Iraqi poet, Ahmad Safi Najafi from Khayyam's quatrains is at a high level of poetry and beauty. Apart from the positive features of this translation, we witness some changes in the discourse and the implications of Khayyam poetry in the quatrains’ translation. The present paper seeks to analyze the translation based on the cohesion principle and cohesive devices of the text, which was proposed by Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan, and to observe the changes that have been made in the Khayyam's temporal discourse and the time element in the quatrains, observing, and it can point to the importance of the imperious and form relations of the text in the translation so. According to the analyses carried out, lack of attention to the cohesive devices such as conjunctions (casual and temporal conjunctions) and lexical factors and eliminations in the translation process has caused the collapse of multiple time implications in the Khayyam quatrains’.

Translation has an inter-disciplinary nature, and this can also be said of its various aspects, including translation analysis. Usually, when we define something, we aim to introduce its nature, its role, and its variables. The main goal of translation analysis is to discuss and evaluate translation in different respects and the relationship among all variables. The process of survey and evaluation is one of the main elements in any educational program. Any evaluation system is based on experience and analyzing needs, aims, textbooks, and the educational system. It is believed that Linguistics, psychology, and sociology are among the fields related to translation. This paper aims to put forward theoretical principles of translation analysis, and applying an analytical, descriptive and cooperative approach, discuss the ideas of Wolfram Wilss and also analyze his principles in translation analysis, and also evaluate the type, quality, and the extent of interaction among the elements he is emphasizing in his theory. Finally, to elaborate on this topic, the paper tries to apply the findings of Wolfram Wilss on the evaluation of the Persian translation of “jailing the Rainbow” by the Syrian author Ghada al-Samman. The book was translated from Arabic into Farsi by Abdol Hosein Farzad and reprinted several times.

Theoreticians have regarded poem translation as the most challenging types of translation. The term ‘untranslatable’ is the title, which implies a challenge in this literary work. The challenge is due to the occurrence of major changes in the form and structure of poetry translation, which departs it from the original text. The literary elegance and intricacy of the poem have encouraged the translation theorists to evaluate the translation from the equality and balance gate regarding the form and structure and pay special attention to the different linguistic forms of two languages (source and target) in the translation process. In this article, using a descriptive-analytical method and comparing the source and target texts, we aim to examine the principle of quantity as one of the important principles in creating equilibrium and equality between source and target texts. At that point, the concept ‘quantity’ in Abu al-Fath al-Busti (4th century) Nuniyyah’s translation from Arabic to Persian is evaluated. This elegy has been translated to Persian by Badredin Jajarmi - semi-free translation - in the 7th century. The results indicate that; although the translator has attempted to keep quantity, the linguistic system features of target language have led him to quantitative increasing. The quantitative increase is evident in two levels of lexicon and semantics in the translation.

The concept of expression change in translation has been debated by various theorists, and more concerned with changing the grammatical structures of the source language and equality at the level of interpretations and modes. Vine and Darblane are theorists who have considered the necessity of conveying messages and cultural categories through equality and change of expression as a practical-semantic necessity. Accordingly, the translator must free himself from the chains of the source language's structure and sequence and the order of its vocabulary and sentences, and freely convey the meaning and message, and even the effect of the source text on the target text. To accomplish this goal, familiarity with the terms and expressions of the target language is indispensable and inevitable. On the other hand, in a language such as Arabic, which is a style-based language, and the concepts are expressed in the form of modes such as nosakh, negation, and maturity, ta'adir, etc. Getting acquainted with these modes, the translator's hand for changing expression And alternative expression opens and works with some expression-altering techniques, such as high-frequency interpretation, similar word or cultural interpretation, menus rhetorical arrays, mimicry.

Linguistic context is a collection of in-text elements that provide grounds of text significance in conjunction with each other and thus results in the correct transfer of the concept of the word as well as the general discourse of the text. Linguistic context is a general concept that consists of four levels of lexical, grammatical (syntactic), rhetorical, and phonetic layers. Consideration of the linguistic context ruling over the verses of the Holy Quran helps to understand the meaning of the message. Al-Qara'a's Sura is among the Suras that expresses particular signifiers of the great incident of the doomsday for its special language structure. Different translations of this Sura have often not been adequately addressed in its linguistic context as a signifying element in transferring the meaning of its verses. The present study, by adopting an analytical and comparative approach, investigates two examples of translations of the Holy Qur'an (Fouladvan and Makarem-eh Shirazi) from Sura Al-Qara'a based on the linguistic equivalence principle in the source and target texts, and at the end proposes a translation that observes the linguistic context based on three lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical elements. Finally, the results of the research indicate that despite the fact that some of the components of the linguistic context have been considered in translating of a number of verses, the total transference of implicit symbolizations arising from the whole linguistic context of the Sura in the translation of many verses is neglected.

Translation prose is of great importance in the field of religious, cultural and fiction books, as well as in the media and information texts that pursue educational, entertainment, and informational purposes. He also tried to refine translations and think of ways to lift translation prose from long, meaningless structures without coherence and lack of aesthetics. Solutions that novice translators can provide with fluent and fluent translators by learning and applying them. This article seeks to present some of the most important of these in the form of relational translation by delineating translation practices. Converting the nominal and current structure and adding explanatory words and editing the time and sentence segmentation and pronouns and pronouncing the following sentence and mentioning the secondary meaning of verbs and equivalents for interpreting and taking into account some gestures, including important. These are the most common solutions.

The factors of text consistency are considered as one of the achievements of role-oriented linguistics as a tool for measuring and analyzing text. One of the texts that has long been considered by the international community, and at the same time well known for its difficulty and silliness, is Sykab Sibuyeh. Given the importance of this work in linguistic studies and the need for accurate and accurate understanding on the one hand, and the possibilities available for translating this work into Persian, on the other hand, this study attempts to use a descriptive-analytical method with a cutting edge approach. Excerpts from the first volume of the book, with the help of grammatical textual coherence tools, identify the factors that make up the ambiguity in this book, and then analyze how to translate these factors into the existing translation of the first volume. The findings of the study indicate that making maximum use of the Arabic language potential in the use of pronouns and frequent expressions and omissions has made it a stylistic indicator for Sibuyeh. And referral of references to in-text references with various gadgets including multi-reference, need for background knowledge, reference sex change, long distance between reference and reference, and ... and above frequency of in-text referrals and Disclosures into spiritual mirrors that require moving forward in the text, foregrounding knowledge, and so on have made Sibuyeh's book a difficult, all-encompassing text. In the translation process, these linguistic forms are replaced by their references and their ambiguity is reduced, although this approach results in the disappearance of the Sibuyeh style index in the target text.

Education is a significant matter, and in order to reach the targeted goals, educational methods shall constantly be the subject of update and pathology. One of the existing grounds in this area is teaching translation to students of foreign languages, including Arabic. In this regard, the application of linguistic theories for recognition and analysis of problems the language learners face seems to be useful and efficient. Relying on the descriptive-analytical method of Error Analysis in the current essay, the researchers intend to examine and analyze the subject of teaching translation in the field of Arabic Language and Literature. In line with this aim, the testing method has been used for describing the errors, and the field method (questionnaire) has been adopted to serve the purpose of the section where the solutions are provided. The gained results have been studied and analyzed later on. The results of the studies show that it is necessary that the time allocated for teaching translation subjects become more and more proportionate to the educational aims set to be reached out of teaching such subjects. While confirming the approximate direct relationship between success in learning grammar and Arabic texts and favorable outcomes of various types of translation, these studies report that the highest percentage of errors belong to inter-lingual and lexical errors in the field of translating texts from Arabic to Persian, grammar errors and inter-lingual lexical errors in the field of translating from Persian to Arabic, and inter-lingual lexical errors and specifically the error of lexical borrowing in the field of translation in journalism. In the solution chapter, findings indicate that the experts advise the composition of a comprehensive and strategic program that includes standard teaching resources in educational groups, adoption of appropriate method for teaching and activities of the teacher in the field of translation, reading suitable and effective texts and practice inside the classroom, [adopting] a meaning-oriented view towards course subjects, teaching writing method of different type of Arabic sentences, as well as paying attention to teaching of Arabic idioms and expressions and writing sentences based on the learned phrases.