فصلنامه جغرافیا و آمایش شهری - منطقه ای
پیاپی 32 (پاییز 1398)

Important factors in planning and urban management, especially in order to achieve sustainable development and optimal use of land in urban areas is the availability of timely and accurate information about the status of land use in urban areas. In this dirction, the aim of present study is to compare two methods of pixel-based and object-oriented classification in land use mapping with using ETM+ image in Ilam city, Ilam province using Idrisi Selva software. After the supply of related image and implementing geometric and radiometric corrections on image, we applied two classification methods to land use mapping. To assess the accuracy of classification methods, we used of indices of overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, producer accuracy and user accuracy. The results show that the object-oriented classification method has more resolution than the pixel-based classification method. The results of accuracy show that method of object-oriented in two indices of overall accuracy and kappa coefficient with (respectively) 94 percent and 91 percent was more accurate then pixel-based classification method with overall and Kappa coefficient 88 percent and 86 percent. The result of this study suggests that from object-oriented classification method use to production of land use map.

Sustainable urban development is based on the principle that a city within the neighborhood is formed and based on it, hence, neighborhood development is considered as a key step toward sustainable development. Among the most important reflections of contemporary urbanization is the emergence and spread of vulnerable neighborhoods (informal housing) in the center or around cities, including Ardabil. In this city, informal settlements can be considered as forgotten and unplanned areas compared to other urban neighborhoods that are sustainably frailing. Although instability is a long-standing problem and an obvious problem in informal housing, it is not possible to manage and improve the situation at the same time. thus, recognizing the degree of instability and weakness through comparative and reliance comparisons Different models of decision making between the total of these neighborhoods can help to improve the performance and decision making of urban managers in accordance with the priority of intervention in these areas in order to empower them in the direction of sustainable urban development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the comparative situation of instability in 15 informal settlements in Ardebil with emphasis on neighborhood sustainability criteria and prioritize them for future planning. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method is descriptive-analytical one. Required data are collected through field methods. The statistical population of the research is in accordance with the 15 neighborhoods of informal settlements in Ardebil. To assess the stability of the studied neighborhoods, the relevant indices were used using the entropy of weighing method and the target areas by using decision-making techniques. Finally, for coplanqui integration technique, the final priority was used. And finally, Terrible Maps for better representations using ArcGIS software. Based on the measures taken and the results of implementing various decision making techniques in terms of sustainable metrics, Salman Abad's neighborhood ranked first and Iran-Abad neighborhood with the lowest score. Therefore, developmental planning in appropriate with the strengths and priorities of each neighborhood seems necessary.

Nowadays, impacts of developmental measures on social, economic, environmental and physical dimensions is one of the important factors in the success or failure of developmental measures and development patterns. In this regard comprehensive assessments of impacts is essential. In other words, a comprehensive assessment of the effects of developmental measures and development patterns will allow us to fully assess the effects and achieve the model of the impact of industrial-mineral facilities. In this regard, the present study is based on a comprehensive impact assessment approach and a review of the impacts of the Chadermulu mine on the city of Bahabad in the search for a model of the impact of mineral-industrial centers on the settlements in the central regions of Iran. From the perspective of the nature of this research, it is a descriptive-analytical method that by collecting documentation, library and survey methods, collecting the information needed for research and then using T-test and path analyses to analysis the information has taken place. The results of the research show that the negative effects were higher in socio-cultural indicators and then the environmental indicators, and in the economic and physical indicators of the Chadormalloo complex there were more positive effects. The experience of mineral-industrial development in Central Iran, and especially in Bahabad, shows that although this model is relatively successful from the economic point of view and at the provincial and national levels, but from the perspective of the local economy, the environment as well as the socio-cultural areas with many negative impacts And has been challenging the issue of sustainable development at local scale. On the local scale, in contrast to what has been lost, there is no real and desirable results that can be described as "the sustainable and important role of mineral-industrial development in the process of developing central Iran", and unfortunately it should be considered as "legacy" Indemnified Mineral-Industrial Development on the Process of Destruction of Central Iranian Settlements.

In the past decades, improving sustainable livelihoods has attracted many researchers and planners. In this regard, one of the main approaches for improving sustainable livelihoods is to pay attention to the development of tourism. Considering the importance of this issue in this study, the revival of sustainable livelihoods of border villages was addressed through tourism development. The present research is applied in a targeted, applied way and the method of doing it is combination (qualitative and quantitative). The data-gathering tool was a questionnaire and interview. The statistical population consisted of rural households in Nahuk district in Saravan Township (N= 1618). Using the Cochran formula, 310 households were selected as the sample by quota sampling method. To analyze the data and data, analysis of variance, multivariate regression, and path analysis model were used. The results showed that there is a linear and significant relationship between tourism development and sustainable livelihoods recovery; accordingly, the highest impact of tourism on institutional factor is with coefficient (0.363) and the least effect on environmental factors with coefficient (0.182). Also, the results showed that despite the efforts of local authorities and popular participation in creating security infrastructure and improving the quality of providing favorable services for tourism development in the region, due to lack of provision of basic infrastructure, lack of access to appropriate communication networks to the tourist attractions in the villages And most importantly, security problems, which are the result of the borderline situation in the villages of the region, have been identified as the main barriers to tourism development in the villages of this Townships.

The increasing tendency of man to the life of the car and the use of personal vehicles, the lack of utilization of public transport, the increase of environmental pollution and, ultimately, the movement of society to individual life, diminish social interactions and distant Human beings are from each other. The approach to turning some of the streets into a pedestrian that removes or reduces traffic in the central part of the city is to improve the quality of the environment and increase the vitality of these spaces. The present study attempts to evaluate the feasibility of the implementation of a pedestrian-centered plan in Khajeh Nasir Street, located in the historical context of the city of Gaz-e-Borkhar. The research method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical approach using library studies and expert interviews. Analysis of the variables used was done using spss and Amos softwares. In the first issue, the implementation of the pedestrian plan was considered in terms of transportation dimensions. The results of the first hypothesis test showed a significant relationship between the variables studied and the first hypothesis was confirmed. In the second hypothesis, we examined the feasibility of accepting the implementation of the plan from the point of view of the business and citizens. The results of the second hypothesis test showed a significant relationship between the measured variables and the second hypothesis was confirmed. Also, the results of the second-order factor model showed that the economic factor has the highest gain with regression weight of 0.86. Subsequently, the social and physical factors with a regression weight of 0.82 and the environmental factor with a regression weight of 0.44 are in the next rank. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the pedestrian plan in Khajeh‌e‌_nasir Street is acceptable for citizens and businesses and will not cause any problems in terms of traffic and traffic dimensions.

One of the new approaches to urban land Service, Obtained from the combination of smart city development and urban sustainability, is the transfer of development right. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify the areas for sending and receiving development rights, as well as identifying areas with high potential for development and Identifying Key Effective in the pattern of TDR. Statistical population of the study Is Yasuj city and around. To analyze data And weighing the research indicators used from the GRA model and the Arc GIS software, and to design the final research maps of the IDRISI Selva software and identify the key drivers of the cross-impact analysis method model. Based on the pattern of transfer of development right, the areas of Yasuj city were divided into sending and receiving development rights. The results of the research show that in the areas of sending, the parameter of historical buildings and valuable textures with the weight of /07246 are rankd first. The participation of citizens and agricultural lands, gardens and important forests with the weight of /06279 and 0/5403 are in the second and third ranks. In the receiving regions, the participation parameter with a weight of 9471 and a tendency to increase density and construction with a second score of /03241 are in the second priority. According to the results of the research, regions 2 and 3 have a very high potential for the send development of development right, and area 4 has a very high potential for receive development right. Finally, the results of applying the cross-impact analysis method indicated that four key drivers, including indicators of the tendency to increase congestion and construction, having access to the road network, works and historical buildings and valuable texture, agricultural land, gardens Important forests among the 15 identified factors, as well as the participation index, legal and legal guarantees, the existence of a structure and an integrated administrative organization as regulators of the factors affecting and influencing the highest severity in the identification and development of supply Land has Yasuj urban services. Therefore, these propellants should be used as the main pillars

In recent decades, cities of Iran have undergone remarkable changes, as in many third world cities, so that growth of urbanization following economic and social changes has led to the unrestrained growth of cities and towns with national and regional role, which in most cities of the country, despite of inappropriate policies of construction and utilization of urban land. Therefore, evaluating its results is essential in future planning of cities. In current study, land use changes and physical expansion around Marand city during the years 1999 to 2016, and then predicted these changes by 2026 with using of Markov chain model. For this purpose, satellite images of Landsat TM, 1999, 2005, 2011 and 2016 have been analyzed. The results show that during this time, built-up land has increased significantly, with about 36% of the changes, and in process of land increasing, land classes of unused land and gardens respectively have played huge function and these are changes chiefly due to an increase in the number of immigrants from settlements around the city of Marand to this city. Moreover, after 10 years, the greatest changes will be made in unused land (26.75%), which will become more to land built, then garden lands (19.52%) will be the largest change toward land built. Indeed, according to results, built up lands have the highest stability and in comparison, unused and garden lands will have low sustainability.

Coastal urban areas are one of the richest and most dynamic spots in the world's vast tourist attractions. The valuable and diverse resources of these areas have become one of the most sensitive and valuable areas for tourism investors. In such areas, investments in the construction of human environments, especially in the field of tourism services, have grown rapidly. In the last three decades, the growth of accommodation services for tourists, especially hotels, has led to a widespread spatial-competitive spatial location of coastal cities. In recent decades, this has increased in the northern regions of Iran. And the competition of hotel capitalists in choosing their location has brought about spatial-location challenges in which personal, economic, social, cultural, political factors ... have been effective. For this purpose, in this paper, factors affecting the location of the beach hotels of Bandar Anzali their reflections are investigated using the new multivariate graphical model CO-PLOT and GIS. This paper uses a descriptive-analytic method to collect the information needed for this research through questionnaires and interviews from the statistical community of hotel owners including investors, partners, managers and supervisors of Anzali Beach Hotels. After collecting the data of the experts questionnaire, the results of the study were studied. At the first stage, the factors influencing the location of hotels and ranking these factors to identify the various experimental and effective factors in selecting the location of the hotels by presenting the graph with the help of CO-PLOT software has been investigated. In the next step, the spatial pattern of distribution of different types of hotels in Anzali city has been investigated by analyzing the priorities of these factors in GIS software. The results of the research show that there is a special relationship between the empirical models and theoretical Mono-centric models of hotel accommodation. As influenced by the effective empirical models -such as economic factors, access, laws and regulations, physical characteristics of the site, social and cultural characteristics, neighborhood, independent factors- and theoretical Mono-centric model of this relationship.

Over the past a few decades we have seen some changes on planners and Geographers' view about place and base pattern toward systematic analysis and base interaction. This change of view causes to focus on these flows and formed links between points and nods. The current study aimed to investigate the formed flows between Khash and its surrounding rural areas within an area network approach. Due to the network approach, analysis unit in research is flaw and relation. In order to validate the research a questionnaire, observation and secondary information (Population census and housing) are used. The data are analyzed in the form of system analysis and through the UCINET . The statistical population of this study are the central rural areas of Khash. Due to the extent of study area and high volume of statistical society, in order to determine the sample size, probabilistic classification sampling method is used. This sampling is done according to the two criteria: the distance from Khash and rural areas population. The findings of the research show that Khash is in the first place concerning absorption of flows within the area due to its high level of services, markets and creating carrier opportunities and Zahedan is in the second place in all flows, despite being outside of the area. After that due to the establishment of services in some big rural areas of Khash ,it has attracted considerable flows to itself. The pattern of spatial flows in this area , is similar to growth pole theory in many respects and does not have network pattern. Its reason is that two-way, complementary and synergistic flows haven’t formed yet.

Impenetrable surfaces are an important factor in monitoring urban development and environmental quality. For this reason, recognizing these levels will be a precondition for achieving sustainable urban development. Although there are various methods for detecting and studying these levels, accurate and cost-effective determination of these levels is still an important challenge for urban researchers. Due to the increasing availability of remote sensing data, in this study using the GeoEye 2009 image, the accuracy of the three most common classification methods, artificial neural network and support vector machine for determining impermeable surfaces in a part of Bandar Abbas city was compared. For this purpose, after performing the necessary preprocessing operations on the image, using the aforementioned algorithms, five classes of street and building (as impermeable surfaces), water body, vegetation and wasteland (as impermeable urban surfaces) for each Three methods were extracted. To evaluate the results, methods of overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, user and producer accuracy were used. The results showed that the support vector machine with 94.7% overall accuracy and kappa coefficient 0.93, compared to artificial neural network method (93.1% overall accuracy and kappa coefficient 0.90) and the most similarity method (with accuracy). The overall accuracy was 92.2% and the kappa coefficient was 0.89). Although the present study showed that the support vector machine method was more accurate, nevertheless, the accuracy of the most similar and artificial neural network methods were accurate and acceptable in determining impermeable surfaces and processing of high spatial resolution images with these methods, Can detect impermeable surfaces.