مجله دراسات حدیثه فی نهج البلاغه
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 4، بهار و تابستان 1398)

An Analysis of non-structural cohesion in the Sermon of Jihad and Selected Translations (Shahidi and Garmaroudi's Case Studies Among the issues raised in linguistics, the attention of analysts has always been the focus of various texts, cohesion and coherence in the text. Cohesion lies potentially in the language system tools, such as referral, deletion, succession, and relevance, which lies within the language itself. Since Nahj al-Balaghah, as a coherent text, includes different types of coherence, translations are expected to reflect these elements of coherence. By adopting a descriptive-analytic approach, this paper deals with the non-structural grammatical cohesion components in the context of the Khayad and two selective translations of Shahidi and Garmaroudi. This research examined the degree of adherence of the two translators to the reflection of these components of cohesion and finally concluded that among the many components mentioned, both translators, in the shadow of moving close to the original text and with the choice of appropriate institutions, have been able to reflect the degree of cohesion contained in the original text in translation. At the same time, it was observed that two translators were, in some cases, affected by factors such as the special style of the translator and the capacity of the linguistic-verb language of the target language in finding equivalents.

As one of the branches of stylistics, statistical stylistics, relied on preference of quantity over assumptions, seeks to discover an author’s method. The relationship between language content and phonetic form is one of the most important language and thinking issues disputed among scholars. Lexical implication is the first step addressed by scholars, followed by phonetic, inflectional and grammatical implications. Using statistical stylistics, the present research seeks to discover the implications hidden behind the lexicon in theAl-gharra sermon.  The Al-gharra sermon having prominent features is examined at two phonetic and lexical levels. At the phonetic level, the voiced, voiceless, explosive, fricative implications of the sounds, the sound repetitions and the implications of the syllables are examined. At the lexical level, word consistency with the semantic contexts of the sermon is analyzed. The results indicate that most sounds are voiced, which is consistent with the sermon register, i.e., Imam Ali’s insistence on his invitation. The syllables are consistent with the register and verbal situation such that the closed syllables imply Imam Ali’s invitation to getting an acceleration in its acceptance, and the long syllables imply Imam Ali’s warning against neglecting this invitation. At lexical level, the words used in the semantic contexts are consistent with the sermon space and the language register also explains the meanings of the lexicon.

Nahj-ul-Balagha and its invaluable teachings have a moral position. All the speeches of Imam Ali in different domains are based on ethics and reasoning. Attention to the end and the results of ethics is expressed in a number of ways in Nahj-ul-Balagha. Also, teleology is one of the normative ethical theories that search for the criterion of value and moral obligation in the results of an ethical practice. In the moral school of the Imam, among the indicators of teleology are: and indicators of finalism (teleology) consist of relationship between moral codes, the fruits that are due to the necessity of doing things and the necessity of those acts and exhortations, including auditing and the existence of rewards for action. On the one hand, with the existence of ethical finalism propositions in Nahj-ul-Balagha, it has never been used to gain more profit from wrong ways. In this article, employing a descriptive method, the factors mentioned in the speeches of the Imam have been studied from the perspective of Nahj-ul-Balagha.

In Heidegger's philosophy, human being is known as an individual who encounter the reality of life directly in life experiece and existence concept and realizes absurdity and nullity of his existence. Concerning his limitation in time and death and considering his freedom and or option authority, he is able to choose a goal and or select pure life with release of self-alienation. All parts of Nahj-ul-Balagha, discuss human reality, his capacities and abilities and it conducts into educative self-alienation and sanity so, it recommends self-scrutiny and virtue in choosing the best way of life to go through happiness. This article aims to declare self-alienation in Nahj-ul-Balagha with respect to Heidegger's approach in a librrary and conseptual manner.

One of the main goals of the critique of old texts, which is the basis of studies in different religions, is to find the author and owner of the text. Nahj-ul-Balagha is a book whose historical identity has long been the target of Shiite and Sunni critique. This research explores the critique methodology of this text. The method of criticizing the text of Nahj-ul-Balagha, due to its unique characteristics, can be presented in three general stages of narrative critique (redaction criticism), critique of the sources and documents (source criticism), and critique of the style (form criticism). However, only the outcome of these three stages and their aggregation can be considered a real and reliable critique of the text. Regarding the monotheistic sermons, although each of the stages of the critique of the text has a different consequence, combination of these stages admit the truthfulness of the attribution of these sermons to Imam Ali (PBUH). Eliminating the drawbacks, such as single-stage perspective, unfounded criticism, repetition of previous claims, disregarding the possibilities of meaning, and reducing historical critique to traditional one will improve the method of criticizing the text. Using analytical method and considering the historical critique of sacred books, the present study attempts to provide a suitable and comprehensive model for criticizing the text of Nahj-ul-Balagha.

Amir Mo'mennan (Imam Ali) (as) during the reign of the government had collisions with their agents, each of which represents a lesson for the human community. Part of these interactions in the two areas of praise of the governors of Imam and another part in the reciprocation of these individuals can be evaluated which has been done in different cases under the conditions of the ruling. On the other hand, part of these accolades was in the life of the governor and part after his death, along with elements such as the expression of some of the provincial qualities, such as courage and loyalty, and finding a high place for the Imam. In some other accolades, there is a warning to the governor and the need to take into account some civil rights of citizens. His rebuke has been diverse and of varying severity and weakness in various ways, including forms of governor's misconduct, summons, warnings and threats.

Today, Nahj-ul-Balaghah has a high position in the hearts of Persian-speaking people specially Iranians for its divine source. Of course, educated translators and interpreters have played a significant role in this area.
 However, Nahj-ul-Balaghah is unknown to most of Persian-speaking audience. Because, the teachings of this precious book has not been transferred properly to the human society. The important reasons are Imam Ali's naghz, good and fresh, words, original heavy text, low usage of some idioms, lack of professional experts, and weakness of some translators carrying out their professional mission.On the other hand, relying on the traditional advertising methods, not taking advantage from messenger tools such as virtual space, satellite, etc as well as not classifying of Nahj-ul-Balaghah research resulted in audience escape. Poor knowledge of audience and not classifying of audience in terms of age and education lead to audience escape specially youth from worthy contents of Nahj-ul-Balaghah. The author aims to present scientific and applicable solutions in order to provide a constructive approach for transferring Nahj-ul-Balaghah teachings.

Imagery is one of the most effective devices in Nahj al-Balaghah towards communicating thoughts and concepts to the audience. Imam Ali makes abstract concepts sensible and imaginable through literary images. He has made the best use of imagery towards making peoples´ minds familiar with the realities and making pure facts understandable in different parts of Nahj al Balaghah. The imagery of death by Imam Ali immerses people in the field of imagination so that they feel they are present in that scene. Great care in selection of words, the way of putting them into phrases, and benefitting from various types of rhetoric forms along with the nice melody of phrases have made the descriptions of Imam so attractive that thrill and influence all the audience. The present article has studied and analyzed eight instances of imagery of death in Nahj al -Balaghah sermons which represent other images of death within themselves in some way. The terrible picture of death in these representations are so nicely illustrated that they raise emotions, shock human being thoroughly, and awaken the sleeping conscience.