نشریه معماری و شهرسازی پایدار
سال هفتم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

Human behavior plays an important role in thermal interaction with the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to study thermal behavior in order to achieve thermal comfort. The purpose of this research is to explain optimal non-architectural behaviors in order to adapt more heat to the environment. Data requirements of this research were collected based on the experimental and field method by a researcher-made questionnaire from residents of apartment buildings in Shiraz. Then, the necessary descriptive, inferential and categorical descriptions were issued. By reviewing the behavioral priorities through the weighted average, it was found that in hot months, the first priority is to turn on the fan or cooler. It was also found that there is a significant relationship between the coverage ratio and the thermal assessment of individuals in hot months, which is the same in both male and female. It can be concluded from the data analysis that each person, by conducting a suitable thermal behavior, tries to provide in every way possible thermal comfort.

Today, air pollution is one of the main problems in metropolitan Cities. While it has threatening the health of humans, animals and plants, has increased the temperature of the world and caused climate change. One of the biggest contaminating sources is building construction, as its walls are the main reason for the production and intensification of air pollution. The purpose of this research is using bionic science to introduce a new type of green windows filled with microalgae in Tehran. Algae compared with plants are more attractive, stable, viable and inexpensive. To do this, structure and proportions of double glazed windows for the microalgae culture was studied and the dimensions of the green window were investigated deceptively and analytically based on library resources. Then, the amount of absorption of the pollutant was measured by an experimental method with the injection of microalgae and carbon dioxide into the window. The results of this study showed that with the growth of microalgae only after six days, the carbon dioxide absorption process would change from 6.6% to 45.4%.

The main goal of this research is objective and subjective evaluation of effective qualities of urban design on individual physical activity and the relationship between these two sets of qualities in four different neighborhoods of Sanandaj, which have different morphological characteristics. Recent researches show that built environment design plays an important role in facilitating or limiting physical activity. Subjective data on self-reported information about health, daily physical activity and people’s perceptions of their neighborhood environment were collected among 421 of the resident’s using a questionnaire. In the objective method, information gathered in accordance with the investigated factors provided using the GIS (Geographic Information System). SPSS software version 25 was used to analyze and explain the relationship between objective and perceived environment with physical activity. relations between variables were determined by linear regression. In the next step, the walkability index and walk score were calculated using objective data. Finally, the relationship between variables was determined by utilizing factor analysis in AMOS software. Through various statistical methods, this study found that objective qualities did not have a significant relationship with physical activity of residents, but these qualities affect subjective qualities as a mediator variable that directly influences physical activity.

Proper infrastructure planning has always been one of the concerns of planners in contemporary era to achieve economic growth and improve the quality of life in cities and ultimately move to sustainable development through a comprehensive urban plan. The purpose of this study is to evaluate infrastructure planning in comprehensive urban plans in order to provide the appropriate cognition of the dimensions, components and structure of infrastructure planning to urban decision makers in the preparation and implementation of urban development plans. Comprehensive plans of cities Saveh, Maku and Khorramshahr were selected as samples. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Also Delphi technique has been used to collect experts' opinions. then, the Swarah and Gray Arras method have been used to prioritize the criteria and rank the samples. The results of this study showed that among the effective dimensions of infrastructure planning, the most important are the technical-subject dimensions (0.303), financial institution (0.278), morphology (0.236) and normative-climatic(0.181) respectively. Moreover, in relation to the criteria for planning the construction, among the technical-thematic criteria: transportation network (0.167), water supply system (0.165), energy supply (0.157); Among the institutional-financial criteria: city financial technical capacity (0.079), financing methods (0.064), corporate relationship (0.042); Among the normative criteria of climate: environmental impacts (0.065), attention to poor areas (0.059), justice in access to infrastructure (0.047), and also related to morphological criteria: the relationship between city form with linear infrastructure (0.54) and city form relation With point infrastructure (0.45), they have more priority than others.

Urban population growth and proper land-use constraints have inevitably led to the existence of high-rise residential buildings. However, residential towers require more attention in the planning, design and implementation phases. One of the main issues in these towers is the lack of a role of territory and privacy in the design and construction of the building, which will reduce the indicators of environmental sustainability and quality of life for residents. The purpose of this research is to investigate the continuity, functional and physical-space factors, in the form of hypotheses and to prioritize them in order to realize how the territory influences the quality of life of residents and to assess its place in designing residential towers to evaluate the desired site in Gholipour, Rasht. The research method is a combination of descriptive-analytical methods and information gathering is in the form of documentary and fieldwork. Based on the population of Rasht, 384 of the questionnaires were answered correctly. Analysis was performed by SPSS, and evaluation of permeability and readability, visual connections and integration was performed through spatial arrangement. The results showed that functional factors with Beta coefficient of 0.415, building integrity (0.389) and physical-spatial factors (0.228) should be considered in creating the realm of residential towers design, respectively. Space Syntax also showed that the Gholipour district has an average territory level, and it is possible to design a residential tower on the site, with analysis of access, security, interconnection, and other metrics that are a subset of assumptions.

In two decades, security problem in urban space, has been the mental disturbance of the managers. Not paying attention to man’s security in public places, not only puts obstacle for reaching to prosperity, but also it decreases the social relations and finally it causes empty public places. The goal of this study is to achieving higher security factors in streets for disabled to have higher social relations. Based on the goal the method of the study operational and based on the kind it is descriptive and analytic. The data and inputs have been collected by questionnaire and field study. The target group in the study is disabled people in TABARSI street in Mashhad. Using Cochran’s Formula, accidental sampling was completed for 293 of these people. Data analysis via agent analysis is analyzed with SPSS and PLS software. The study results show that effective planning, change in physical environment, active space and increasing day and night activities in the street, light and increased access we can have security in the space, because increased observers in the space decreases criminal activities and increases social cooperation between the people and disabled.

This article analysis of homogeneity and distribution of houses and its impact on the relationship between spaces with each other with the aim of identifying and analyzing their roles in the social relationship of traditional houses in order to use their dominant patterns in contemporary houses. The study is based on the theory of space configuration that is about the component of houses and the spaces relationship with other spaces is an approach to achieve the effect of spatial relationships in the social relations in houses. Identify the factors effect on the hemogenity and distribution using the difference factor is one of the most important component in this study. The method of this research is a combition of interpretive historical method with content analysis and logical reasoning techniques. Using library studies, historical studies and simulation by using Grasshopper software with Spacesyntax plug-in, Depthmap software and analysis the G-graph of 19 sample of Qajar houses in Kashan. The result shows that the amount of spatial regulation and the location of each space in determined depth have direct relate with social behavior and relationship. Also all of the studies traditional houses have high homogeneous and distribution in spatial configuration. Houses that have all public, semi-public, semi-private and private areas and appropriate relation between these area have highhemogenity and difference factor.

Glare is one important factor affecting the level of visual comfort and the quality of light in the spaces. The purpose of this study is to provide suitable models for optimizing windows in educational building of Iran hot and dry climate. In educational buildings in terms of space performance, glare is a significant issue that can have an impact on education. after determining the model, radiance parameters, climatic data and software validation, critical times of glare were determined at a specified point. Priority of the effect of each parameter was determined by keeping the other parameters constant. Then, using simulation, the combination of different physical parameters of the window in different percentages and dimensions was considered. Physical characteristics used in this study included window-to-wall ratio, shading length, observer position, window visibility, and percentage of colored glass. A total of 4800 different state combinations of parameters were obtained. The results show that only when the window-to-wall ratio is 30% by the variation of other factors, glare is unperceptible. Therefore, the change in the physical components of the window alone does not have the proper function of preventing glare in space. One of the proper solutions in this field is the use of lightshelves. By removing the colored glass component and adding two variables, length of lightshelves and distance to the top edge of the window, 6000 different state of composition were obtained. Using this technique at window-to-wall ratios of less than 60 percent, glare will be unperceptible.

Permanent phenomena can take and loads over time and they become part of collective memories. Stability is a kind of historical continuity followed by cultural continuity. Various factors affect the survival of phenomena and purpose of this research is to identify these factors in architecture with emphasis on Tabriz Bazar architecture. The research method in this study is a descriptive – analytical and combination of qualitative and quantitative methods used to collect information by documentary-field method (observation, interviewing and questioning). The findings of the research indicate that the factors affecting the architecture of the Tabriz Bazar have been related to components of meaning and identity, functional and functional and ultimately physical. Also, these approaches have the most impact on the variability of the unique nature of the work (beautiful form, creativity and innovation of the effect, the desired effect), memorizing and creating a sense of belonging to space, combining with other spaces and functions (the existence of combinations) and the quality of presence Man was in the place. The results also show that the socio-cultural, economic and political evolutionary cycles such as values, customs and customs, changes in social interactions and economic relations and the political system governing society have also had different positive and negative effects on the architecture of the Tabriz Bazar.

The shrine of the Holy Imams and the Imamzadeh is a holy place for worship and understanding. Space creativity in meeting individual and collective needs in the courtyard, dome, and shabestans of religious buildings are recognizable. The creative intervention in expanding the landscape, the interconnection of space and the space openness has made the accessibility and the feeling of being together of believers. Valuing Islam to society, being together and displaying this blessed congregation led to paying attention to the Friday prayers and Mosalla. This paper introduced the evolution of space patterns in the courtyard, shabestan and dome of some mosques and schools by combining analytic and interpretive methods and a continuous and readable space was formed in the form of open and semi-open courtyards and joints from the North to the South courtyard and surveying and drawing maps of the development plan of Abdul- Azim’s (PBUH) holy shrine indicated that a continuous and readable space is formed in the form of open and semi-open courtyards and joints from the north to the south courtyard and Mosalla’s space in the development plan by placing the indicator elements on the yard and through interconnecting the scenes. Other courtyards around the dome of the holy shrines of Imamzadeh were interconnected through the hallway joint. The architect designed three courtyards directly connected to the shrine of Imamzadeh and created a spiritual and exhilarating atmosphere by continuing to utilize the neighborhoods patterns of shabestans with courtyards and strived to provide people with greater levels of understanding of space and a sense of presence in the community by promoting creativity in space efficiency. Masjid-e Imam in Isfahan and the courtyard of Mosalla in the micro-pattern reached more space openness in connecting to the porch and the courtyard attached to the apron. It expands a space continuity in Mosalla’s interior space and a unit space on the ceiling of the domed cross jointly and equally, and the shabestan attached to it. Space openness alongside space continuity is made dynamic as one of the most important parts of visual experience in dome space in order to create a perceptual and visual balance and caused the exhilaration of users. The shrine’s Mosalla is responsive to individual worship with certain privacy and to a social place with fluidity and space flexibility.

Urbanization and the uneven development of urban forms have exacerbated many problems, including reducing the livability of automotive development and walkability. In recent years, paying attention to sustainable transportation and walkability as one of its policies has been addressed by the unfavorable conditions of urban development. Given the long-term effects of policies on land use and their long-term effects on citizens' attitudes and behaviors, choosing the optimal policies and monitoring the effectiveness of planning and policymaking to achieve sustainability seems necessary. In this paper, using the system dynamics model in the Vensim software environment, the urban transportation and its effective factors in Mashhad have been modeled as case studies. Thus, after calibrating and validating the model, the results of 14 indicators in the economic, social, and environmental and transport sectors in 5 scenarios were investigated with the aim of comparing the impact of long-term walkability policy on other sustainable urban transport policies. The results of this study indicate that public and private transport pricing and increased utility of public transport with 28% and 20% improvement in sustainability indicators, respectively. Compared to other scenarios have the highest priority. On the other hand, walking and cycling development policies alone and without connecting to an integrated transport system have less effect on urban sustainability, and sustainable transport planning needs to be done in conjunction with the consideration of walkability and pricing policies.

One of the important dimensions of sustainable development is social sustainability. Indeed, it can be argued that sustainable development derives from social sustainability. Given the complexity of contemporary urban issues, attention to social aspects of urban neighborhoods is indispensable. When these factors disappear in a neighborhood, the social stability of the neighborhood is compromised; in new neighborhoods, most of the features of old neighborhoods have disappeared and the social and economic coexistence of people is replaced by ethnic-religious affiliations and the homogeneities of all have become social life. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate quantitatively the components of social sustainability in the old and new neighborhoods of Hashtgerd in a comparative way. The research method used is descriptive-analytic. In the collection of information, in the first stage, Criteria were recognized by using library and documentary studies. In the second stage, as a field study, the studied areas were evaluated using the obtained criteria. Fuzzy Delphi method has been used to understand the fundamental criteria in this research and the Network Analysis technique has been used to evaluate and prioritize the provided indicators and evaluate the community surveyed. Using the Fuzzy Delphi method, five criteria out of seven criteria including "activity", "identity", "security", "spatial justice" and "physical and spatial coherence" were selected as the basic criteria. The results of the network analysis indicated that the "activity diversification" (0.139), "urban signs" (0.17) were the most important in achieving social sustainability from the viewpoint of experts.

Changes in the scale of residence from single-family to multi-family, because of the growth of urbanization and different needs have led the urban planners and designers in design of residential complexes on the organization of spatial aspects of form and content (social) base in the concept of habitation. One of these aspects is presented in this paper. Social capital has different objective and mental aspects in residential complexes, consist of quantitative and qualitative features for public places and investigation of the background of the formation of neighborhood relations (values, norms, etc.) is necessary. The purpose of this study is to present communication model to understand the influential elements of functional and social domains in residential complexes. The research question is ‘how can we investigate the elements of social capital in residential complexes, design qualitative elements and explain the elements of social capital in the form of a communication model. After explaining the basic concepts and theories, the theoretical framework is justified by investigating the model through content validation and questionnaire filled by 25 experts and researchers in architectural and social fields. The result shows that there are different layers of social capital because of the level of social inclination and involvement of individuals in the form of social networks .These have been transformed in to a coherent system and a unified urban, ultimately modeling generalizations of content validity (CVR) equivalent to 0.8 improvement.