فصلنامه زیست شناسی جانوری تجربی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 30، پاییز 1398)

 Microbial growth and lipid oxidation, as a major source of meat and meat products spoilage, results in undesirable changes and thus leads to food poisoning, human mortality and also considerable economic losses. In order to evaluate the behavior of Staphylococcus aureus (cusative agents of food poisoning) in the polyphenols presence of natural preservative (free extract and nano-encapsulation of Foeniculum vulgare) in the concentration of (0.1 and 0.3 %) the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets were preserved for 15 days at refrigerator temperature. and some chemical parameters such as Peroxide Value and microbial parameters such as Total count, Psychrotrophic Count and Staph aureus bacteria count was stemated. Results showed that there was significant differences between free extract and nano-encapsulated treatments (Pnano-encapsulation of F.vulgare, especially at high concentrations was more effective than conventional form that leading to a slower rate of growth of S.aureus number in rainbow trou fillets. So, using of the nano-encapsulated form of F.vulgare, especially, in concentration of %0.3, as natural preservative, was recommended in rainbow trou fillet.

In this study, the effect of dietary intake of different levels of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) extract on juveniles of Cyprinus carpio, was studied. For this purpose, 150 common carp juveniles (with mean weight: 20.3±0.89 gr) were randomly distributed in 15 fiberglass tanks (10 fish per tank) and fed by commercial diet containing 0% (control group), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of ethanolic cumin extract (treatment groups). The fish were fed by apparent satiation thrice the day for 8 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, different growth parameters including weight gain, Daily growth rate, Specific Growth Rate, some condition factors, viscera somatic index, hepatosomatic index and nutritional indices including food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, lipid efficiency ratio, total feed intake, net protein utilization, net lipid utilization were assessed. The results showed that administration of different levels of cumin extract in diets of juveniles of Cyprinus carpio caused an increasing effect on weight gain, daily growth rate and specific growth rate (P<0/05) compared to control group. The highest rate of these factors was observed in diet containing 2% of cumin extract and the lowest rate was for control group. According to the results of this study supplementation of 2% cumin extract to diet of juveniles of Cyprinus carpio may improve growth parameters and this herbal extract may presented as a growth promoter in carp culture.

One step in wildlife management is knowing as target population density and that is required cognition of species dispersion pattern in landscape level. In this research, the dispersion and density of brown bear (Ursus arctos syriocus) with use of the Standardized Morisita Index (SMI) and Adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) Were determined in Arsanjan County range in Fars province. Field work and cencus of presence signs does with use random sample in 3 × 3 km cells. Total of sampeling grid in study area include 300 cells. Results SMI showed that dispersion pattern brown bear is clumped and individuals that most aggregationed in koh khom non hunting area. The Results of ACS related to active winter dens showed the brown bear density was 0.031 bear in each cell and 0.0034 bear in kilometer square. Therefor recommendation winter dens is appropriate index in evaluation brown bear population and use in density estimate this species in other areas.

Cancer is an important health and hygienic issue in the world. The usage of medicinal plants as a natural source of cancer treatment is considered because of the lack of toxicity of these plants, in most cases on normal cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Urginea maritima root on Hela cancer cells compared to Hek normal cells. After root drying, extraction was done by Soxhlet method. Then, Hela and Hek cells were cultured at concentrations of 1000, 200, 150,100,50,10,1 and 0.1 µg/ml of ethanolic extract of Urginea maritima root at 24, 48, 72 hours and their viability was determined by MTT test. Ethanolic extract of Urginea maritima root decreased the viability of Hela cells at different doses and hours (P<0.05) but it didn’t effect on Hek cells viability. Discussion Due to existence of flavonoids and glycosides in the Urginea maritima root, the reduction of Hela cells viability can be attributed to these compounds.

The high application of the nanoparticles in industry, health and agriculture increases the possibility of nanoparticles entering the environment, especially the aquatic environment. In the present study, the effects of nano colloidal silver and copper oxide nanoparticles (Cu2ONPs) were investigated on the liver and blood plasma of the Caspian kutum (Rutilus kutum) fry by measuring the activity of the ALT, AST, ALP and LDH enzymes. The samples (17.1±3.6 g) were prepared from the Propagation and Reconstruction Center of Dr. Yousoufpour. After exposing the fish to different concentrations of the nano colloidal silver and Cu2ONPs, the blood was collected on the 7th and 21st days of the experiment. At the same time, the liver tissue of the fish was removed and stored in the -70oC until analyzes of the parameters. The results showed changes in the activity of the enzymes in the liver and plasma of the Caspian kutum fry. The most changes of enzymes were observed in the plasma on the 7th day of the experiment. The LDH enzyme had the most changes in the plasma other than the enzymes. On the 21st day, only the plasma LDH had a significant variation. In the liver, the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and LDH enzymes were almost increased during exposure to the nanoparticles. In the liver, as with plasma, the most changes of the enzymes belonged to the LDH. In conclusion, fluctuations in the metabolic enzymes indicate a change in the physiological state of fish under nanoparticles stress that can threaten aquatic health.

Wetlands are considered as one of the most important ecosystems in the world and they are also among the most threatened ecosystems in the world. On the other hand, knowing the birds' community and vegetation are considered as two important elements in the survival of wetlands. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the species diversity of birds and plants for conservation objectives of the Sulduz wetland. Based on the results of this research, the vegetation complex of this wetland consists of 69 plant species belonging to 62 genera and 26 families. The families of Asteraceae (13 species), Chenopodiaceae (10 species), Poaceae (6 species) and Brassicaceae (6 species) have the highest number of herbaceous species was shown in sulduz wetland. Among the studied plants, the trophites with 45 species are the most, as well as camphites and phanerophytes, each with 3 species, constitute the smallest biodiversity of plant elements in the region, respectively. Also from the community of birds 127 species of birds in Solduz wetland belonging to 44 families and 15 orders identified and recorded. Among the various families identified, The Anatidea family with 18 species, Scolopacidae and Turdidae families each with 8 species are the most species richness in the wetland. Considering the proper vegetation and the availability of adequate water for the Sulduz wetland, development study of this wetland is a priority and to be placed in the Ramsar Convention in the proposed wetlands.

This study was done with the aim of evaluating the Iranian Gazella’s habitat in Kalmand Bahadoran protected area with multi-criteria evaluation model (MCE). The habitat variables used in the modeling were including: slope, geographic orientation, height, density and flora, water resources, agricultural fields and human habitats. At the first, the variables was prepared for modeling in the IDRISI software 17 version. Then the limitation layers for the Iranian Gazella habitat include slope of more than 10%, height greater than 1600 m, a 100-meter privacy of Human habitats, 500 meters from main roads, 5 kilometers from agricultural fields, 10 kilometers from water resources, achieved with the Bolin algorithm in IDRISI software. Also to determine the weight of each variables, the hierarchical method was used in Idrisi software (IDRISI). The results of variables ranking showed that among used variables, the road variable had the highest weight and the height variable had the lowest. The results of the desirability level assessment in the Kalmand and Bahadoran region showed that the highest level of the region (56.01%), for Iranian Gazella, has moderate utility. Therefore, it can be stated that the Calmand Bahador region is a Gazella area and is relatively good habitat for this species which can improve the desirability level of habitat in the region by managing and planning. The results of this study can be used in implementing conservation and management measures to increase the desirable habitats in Yazd province.

Skeletocronology is a reliable method for estimating the age but in amphibians little researches have been done in this field. In the present study, for the first time in the country of Iran, the age structure of the population, growth pattern and reproductive primary age were studied in the populations of marsh frog in the northern and southern regions of Khuzestan province. For this purpose, 20 female and male marsh frog samples were fished alive in the Khuzestan province and transferred to the laboratory. After biometric studies, the specimens were prepared and after the removal of the bones of the limbs, bone samples were passaged as routine histotechnique. The number of growth stop lines and samples age were determined. In order to determine the relationship between age and body weight, body length and age with eye lens weight, the data was analyzed statistically. the maximum number of loops counted in this population is . The adult age of males of northern and southern, males of the northern and males of the southern regions was determined 2,2 and 3 years respectively. with increasing age of females, the co-integration rate of females was reduced which is explainable by the reduction in bioavailability due to the increase in biological age. According to the results, there was a significant correlation between age of animals with body and  eye lens weight, but there was no significant correlation between age of  animals with body length, except a limited number of males in northern regions (P<0.05) There was.

The most common diseases are neonatal jaundice at birth which leads to a yellowish skin of the infants and the white eye due to an increase in the amount of bilirubin in the baby's blood. Naturally, bilirubin passes through the liver and is excreted as bile from the intestine. Neonatal jaundice occurs when bilirubin is produced earlier than the ability of the neonate liver to decompose and dispose of it. The aim of study was to determine the prevalence of neonatal jaundice and its risk factors.
In this descriptive study, 1000 neonates hospitalized to the Neonatal Department of Maryam Hospital of Karaj were examined by easy non-probability sampling. Total bilirubin, G6PD, hemoglobin, RH, blood group, as well as gender and delivery method. In this study, 36% of infants were affected by jaundice. The lack of G6PD activity in jaundice was 10.5%. The prevalence of preterm jaundice was ABO incompatibility, RH incompatibility and G6PD deficiency. The age and weight of the infant at the time of visit, the incidence of jaundice and the weight of the baby at 3 to 10 days in the groups were not significantly different. The mean of bilirubin in infants born with normal delivery was 3.8 and in cesarean section were 11.2. Amount of jaundice and its severity in neonates of cesarean section is higher. Total bilirubin in female neonates did not differ significantly with males. Part of the prevalence of jaundice was due to abnormality of ABO and RH and deficiency of the G6PD enzyme. The results show that other factors also affect jaundice. Approximately 80% of infants who lack the G6PD enzyme deficiency or incompatibility of the blood group showed that the level of bilirubin was much lower than that of normal infants.

The current study carried out on the reproductive biology and breeding success of Crowned Night Heron Nyctiocorax nyctiocorax in Ali-Siyah island in Karoon River during 2007-2008. During the study, 30 nests were selected randomly using visits by boats. The reproductive phenology of Crowned Night Heron was started with the behaviour of nest building in March 22 and finished with last fledglings in June 19. From 91 eggs in 30 randomly selected nests, 3.03 eggs were found and the clutch size was varied from 2 to 5 eggs.  The mean of breeding success in hatching, nestling and post-nestling breeding stages were 63.73% (n=58), 49.45% (n=45), 45.05% (n=41), respectively. The total breeding success during the breeding season was measured 52.74%. Clutch size, brood size and nest parameters did non-significant effects on the breeding success. Most mortality rate occurred before the hatching stage (36.26% (n=33)) mostly due to the natural factors.

Fauna identification of animal taxon is one of the basic parameters for biodiversity protection. Bats are useful animal in the ecosystem that is threatened seriously duo to several reasons, as the destruction of their habitat. So in this study, the diversity of bats in 36 caves in the 4 climates of Fars province was investigated during 10 months. For this purpose, the bats were photographed in the cave during flying or capturing by mist net. The species were identified according special taxonomic keys and confirmed by local and foreign authorities some of bats were abandoned in the site and others were transferred to lab for exactly identification. The obtained results showed 15 species belonging to 8 genera of 7 families as the big colonies of different species lived in the mist and large caves with height and depth. Family Rhinolophidae with 5 species was the most diverse family, and Rhinopoma had the most density and diversity in the harm and temperature regions, respectively. According to obtained results, Fars province is the suitable roost for bats, so the conservation of these habitats must be done for protection of their population by Department of Environment, and their cooperation with caving teams is necessary.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of algae (Sargassum ilicifolium) on the growth performances (final weight (FW), condition factor (CF), survival and daily growth ratio (DGR), feed indices (feed conversion rate (FCR), voluntary feed intake (VFI), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lipid efficiency ratio (LER)) and body composition (protein, fat, moisture and ash) of for Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) 62 days. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 120 of Indian mackerel (with average weight of 18.93±0.56g and average length of 12.30± 0.17 cm) in 4 treatments and 3 replicates (n=10 in each replicate) and included: control group without usingof supplementation of algae , an another groups (treatment 2, 3 and 4) the amounts of this algae supplement were 5,10 and 15 g/kg food The results showed that at the end of experiment, the highest FW (31.54±1.19g), CF (1.10±0.06%), DGR (23.30±0.38%), the highest PER (27.04±0.53), and the highest LER (115.76±12.84) were observed in the diet containing 15 g /kg supplement and treatment 4 (15 g/kg)  and the lowest fat level of body composition (3.10±0.11%) and the highest protein level of body composition (19.46±0.26%)  showed a significant difference compared with control treatment (P<0.05). Finally, the present results suggest that diet containing 15 g/kg S. ilicifolium could improve growth, feed performances and carcass quality of R. kanagurta.