فصلنامه برنامه ریزی منطقه ای
پیاپی 35 (پاییز 1398)

This study investigate the convergence in tourism development among Iranian provinces, and for this purpose, the convergence of beta (absolute and conditional), sigma convergence and club convergence has been evaluated. Tourism infrastructure types have been used as tool variables in conditional beta convergence. Therefore, also it has been investigated the role of tourism infrastructure in regional integration of tourism. The model of the dynamic panel data is estimated using the orthogonal re-parameterization approach for the period of 2011-2016 and for the 31 provinces. To study club convergence, the provinces are divided into two groups of provinces with negative convergence rate (group 1) and provinces with positive convergence rate (group 2). The results indicate a difference in the rate of convergence between the two groups, so that the provinces of group 2 have a faster trend in both types of beta convergence and club convergence. Also, the provinces of group 1 have a much higher tourism infrastructure, more population concentration and more tourists in other provinces. Also, these provinces are mostly known as provinces with the ultimate destination of travel, which also have a higher tourist longevity.

The Problems caused by inadequate distribution of city services has caused distribution city services one of the most important issues facing developed and developing countries and despite the imbalance space in different areas of the city and the imbalance in the distribution city services, spatial differences have been exacerbated cities. Also in the Iran Country, and the different city is worried the problem of city public services. One of the most important problems are speed growth city and physical development in all citys early decade also its broken center of place and city services is bad for people in the used of city services. The aim of this study is the first order: Ranking citys of Mazandaran in terms of infrastructure and municipal services; The second: to determine the distribution of urban services infrastructure in Mazandaran province; In this research, statistics and information required in connection with infrastructure for urban services in the city have been collected and studied Province and Extensive application database was created in Excel; The ranking of cities was determined by TOPSIS multi-criteria decision model and ArcGis 10.3 for the map shown in software and infrastructure criteria importance of each factor was determined by ANP. The finally, the distribution of city services infrastructure with Pearson coefficient of skewness of the city was determined. The results showed that the city of Amol at 0/949 percent, the most among and Pol sefid city with a 0/069 percent of the city's most deprived city services in the province are in terms of infrastructure; The distribution of city services infrastructure in the province of asymmetric with positive skewness.

Although dams create jobs in the industrial sector for the villagers, increase income, cause active participation of villagers in non-agricultural activities, and so on. but in peripheral villages, it causes major issues such as over-migrating, changing the jobs of villagers, reducing production and productivity of water resources, and, in general, destroying many villages and forced displacement of villagers. The statistical population of 1587 families is located in the Khuzestan province, among which 10 villages were selected by multi-stage sampling method and based on the specific geographical location (distances to the dam) and population criterion. The sample size and sample size were determined according to the Cochran formula with an error of 0.05, with 209 households, and to make sure more samples were transferred to 210 improved samples, the tool was a questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS software and Wilcoxon test and maps were prepared through GIs. The results of the research show that the most impact of dam construction in Khuzestan province was in economic indicators with 64.92%, social with 51.6% and culture with 1 / 47, which has led to the elimination of some sources of income and the change in livelihoods, unemployment, disruption to health and safety, loss of public comfort, ethnic conflicts, increased marginalization of the population in cities, the development of indigenous populations, unwanted migration, and many other dangers of marginalization.

The metropolitan regions, especially in developing countries, have experienced rapid population growth due to the absorption of economic immigrants, which have had destructive effects on change in land use environment in the past decades. The current planning process of land use makes it necessary to identify the future pattern of land use on the basis of appropriate criteria with the natural, economic and social environment. Changes in land use occur in a dynamic and complex process due to the mutual effect of natural, social and economic factors and the impact of each factor in different time and scales. Simulation as an efficient way to understand these changes and assess the potential impact of land use changes on the ecology system and future patterns of change is proposed. Accordingly, this study aims to predict future land use changes in the Tehran metropolitan region. In the first step of land use changes in the region. By identifying the effect of changing factors and potential of land use, land use changes are drawn based on past years for future years. So, for this purpose, first, of 1985, 2000 and 2015, using ENVI software and SVM method are classified and analyzed. In the second step, the effect of factors effect is determined after recognition of the factors driving change with the logistic regression method. The prediction of future changes is simulated by a combination of Markov and cellular automata methods for future changes in 2030 and 2045. the results of the study show that the trend of last changes in Tehran metropolitan region has led to the destruction of pastures, agricultural land, and arid land and this trend will increase the damage to the built-up areas of natural and environmental resources, which have the greatest impact on the change in roads, distance from built areas and natural factors. Changes in the 2030s and 2045s will be the trend in the past, and the developed regions will increase, and in the western, southern and eastern axes, the most changes will occur.

To meet the needs of residents, the city needs to interact with its surroundings as a resource-rich system. If the interaction become deficiency or weakened, the city's ability to meet the needs of residents will become also difficult. Meanwhile, municipalities as the main actor of urban management play a major role in communicating cities and solve these problems, so that these issues can play a common language among the actors of the city-region. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical and it is an applied research. The main objective of research is to achieve the most important issues and the most important actors in the Isfahan city-region (including Isfahan and ten neighboring cities). For this purpose, in the first step, by identifing of issues between Isfahan and ten neighboring cities, a problem statement has been formulated using the two paths 1:reviewing the texts of urban documents and programs and 2:conducting interviews (semi-structured) with urban managers and experts of mentioned citis. In the second step, the issues and problems of the cities analyzed, using the method of social networks analysis and the formating of three networks 1:"actors-problems", 2:"subject of problems-actors" and 3-"intra organizational actors-problems" and based on three indicators 1-"degree centrality", 2-"betweenness centrality" and 3-"closeness centrality". According to the findings of the analysis of the first network, the most important actor in order to solve the problems of the city-region of Isfahan is deputy of "Urban Planning and Architecture"; according to the second network, the most important subject of the problems of the city-region are "service weakness", "unauthorized construction" and "non-coordination of urban management"; and with regard to the third network, the most important intra organizational (municipality of Isfahan) actor, is the deputy of "Transportation and Traffic".

The key to identify the capacity and talent in any area of economics has always been considered something that can be interpreted as a comparative advantage in economic literature. The aim of this study is to identify bottlenecks and prioritize investment in the province of Sistan and Baluchestan. To compare and rank investment priority in the province, two methods of Numerical Taxonomy and Topsis model is used. In the method of Numerical Taxonomic, 25 indicators of investment investment, which have the same weight, is used. Similarly, the results show that fishing, education and real estate sectors have investment priority and hotels and restaurants has the latest rankings. The model eliminates negative indices and other 21 indicators have different weights according to special status in the province and theoretical foundations of investment investment. Topsis Model results suggest that fishing, real estate and agricultural sectors have investments priority and hotels and restaurants have the last one. The main reason of poor hotels and restaurants sector in the province is lack of tourism and tourist activities due to low security in the province. Also access to free water and a long track record of people in fisheries sector has led it to be the pioneer sector in the economy of the province. There are numerous universities and higher education institutions that besides creating a positive side-effect, a type of advantage is brought about too and hence it is one of the major investment priorities in the province.It is recommended to invest in education sector as a key one that provides specialized labor. Also having a comparative advantage in fishing activities in this field of activity, investment is inevitable. Key words: investment, factor analysis, Topsis model, Sistan & Baluchestan province.

Coastal environments are considered to be the most sensitive environmental systems influenced by hydrodynamic processes that are relatively fast and may not be comparable to other geomorphological systems.Qeshm Beaches Due to Fluctuations and Highly Changed Water Levels, a unique environment with special features has been created. Due to this change of water level, we see large changes in the coastline in coastal areas. By understanding these changes, we will be able to plan more accurately for the areas concerned and to be aware of the risks associated with fluctuations in water level and to provide an effective management for a better future on Qeshm Beaches. The study area of this research is the coastline of Qeshm Island. The purpose of this study is to stabilize the coastal zone of Qeshm Island to construct new sea areas. The method of this study is based on the nature and purpose of the research-applied evaluation-analytical method. An important part of the studies is the collection and analysis of the data and data available for simulations. In this study, using the Fuzzy Topsis Method (FTOPSIS) and Fuzzy Hierarchy (FAHP), we analyze the criterion for determining the zoning of sea shores. The University of Newcastle indicates that the northern part of the island has a better location for the construction of new offshore areas, so this section is characterized by a thousand hectares of land.

The purpose of the present study was to identify the factors affecting tourism marketing and provide an appropriate model for ecotourism and rural tourism (Case study: Hormozgan province).The present research is a practical purpose that was carried out with a hybrid approach to exploratory design.The statistical population consists of two groups.The community was in the qualitative section of the experts of the scientific community and academic specialists who have executive backgrounds at decision-making levels and so-called well-known experts.this group was selected for the qualitative part of the research and participated in the interview process. The statistical population in the quantitative section includes all rural tourism marketing activists in Hormozgan provinceIn the qualitative section, 27 were selected and in the quantitative section 384 persons were selected as the sample size. The library and field method was used to collect data using interviews and questionnaires. The validity of the research instrument was verified with internal and external validity. Reliability of the research tool was also evaluated using Cronbach Alpha coefficient. Content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data of the research.In this design, the stages of analyzing qualitative data have been done in two stages of open coding and central coding. In the quantitative part according to the research questions, for analyzing the collected data using questionnaires, the correlation coefficient, independent sample t, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation analysis have been used. The results show that the significance level of t related to the relationship between the main structural variables, behavioral factors and underlying factors with tourism marketing at 95% confidence level is more than 1.96 and this indicates that the effect of variables of structural factors, Behavioral factors and underlying factors on tourism marketing. Therefore, all three variables are identified as the main variables. The ranking of effective factors on the marketing of rural tourism and ecotourism was carried out and finally it was determined that behavioral factors, structural factors and underlying factors rank first to third

Rural development planning encompasses various economic, social, environmental and participatory components. In this regard, the most important pillar for achieving sustainable rural development is participatory management. Rural partnerships in promoting economic and social programs and activities are one of the central policies of development and rural planning. Accordingly, paying attention to participation as an effective approach can play an important role in improving the management system of villages. The purpose of the present research is to strengthen the elements of rural participation for linking and connecting with border markets and development of participatory planning. This research is based on descriptive-analytic approach based on qualitative inductive content. The statistical sample was 335 from Cochran formula and its data were analyzed by SPSS software. The results indicate that development indicators among the studied villages are not distributed equilibrium. Rural management structure and the weakness of government investments are one of the most important factors and constraints affecting rural participatory planning. Based on the statistical tests, there is a significant difference between evaluating the impact of markets on all aspects of rural development, so that the significance factor in the environmental dimension is 0.029, in the socio-cultural dimension 0.004 and in the economic dimension 0.11. Based on the results of Kruskal-Wallis and T-Test tests, it can be seen that the peripheral villages in each aspect of rural development had significant differences in terms of the impact of border markets. Also, the relationship between villages and markets is one-way, and the villagers do not share much of their benefits.

The western region is part of the geopolitical depth of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which has been confronted with sanctions and pressure from the Islamic Revolution. The region has potential reliance on geographic, economic, military and strategic components. The purpose of this paper is to examine the potential of the geopolitical depth of the West of Iran in the face of Western sanctions. The main question of the article is that the western region of Iran can play a role in promoting the depths of Iran's geopolitical potential in counteracting all-embracing Western sanctions?The hypothesis we are trying to analyze in this article to answer the main question is that it seems that the territorial alignment of the western regions can give rise to domestic power dynamics to counter sanctions. The results of the paper show that territorial alignment can be taken as a tactic for countering external pressures from countries. In this case, we can say that Territorial settlement is a sort of organization and arrangement of internal forces to counter the onslaught of foreign forces. Given that the purpose of the sanctions is that Iran can not meet its largely domestic economic needs from the outside. The alignment of the land of Iranian regions, including the West, with the systematic assessment of natural, social, economic, cultural and ... factors, can be used to encourage and assist the community of operators in choosing the right options to increase and sustain the territorial power to meet the needs of the community. The method of doing this research is descriptive survey based on the subject and objectives and the method of collecting information. Accordingly, collecting information in a library and referring to databases and Internet searches of articles with a valid scientific degree and using the questionnaire.

Religious Disputes have become a Challenging Factor in the Persian Gulf Region. Political Disagreements among Some Countries in the Region have led to Religious Disagreements over the Cause and undermine Relations between the Countries of the Region. Of the 8 Nations in the Persian Gulf Region, all Muslims and the Islamic Religion as their official Religion and in all 8 Countries, there are followers of the Shiite Religion. In Recent years, due to self-awareness, the denial of the Social and Organizational Structure in Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates and Iraq (before the downfall of the Ba'ath regime), followers of the Shiite Religion, have Sought their Rights Is; This has led to the Establishment and Treatment of physical Violence Against the followers of the Shiite by Saudi and Bahraini Governments. In General, Unnecessary Religious Fanaticism and Religious Challenges in the Persian Gulf States are a hallmark of the fact that this is very Different in the world of Globalization and in the Process of Developments towards Human welfare and Development. This paper uses a Content Analysis Method and using library Resources and Internet sites to investigate the Challenges Faced by Followers of Shiite Religion in Bahrain; the main question in this Article is that what is the Situation of the Shiites in Bahrain in terms of Political, Social and Economic Indicators? The Results show that there are Challenges for the Shiites in Bahrain and that the Relations between the followers of Shiite Religion and its Rulers have been wreaked.