فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 39 (پاییز 1398)

Industrial Revolution and subsequent developments were led to the revolution in urbanization in the second half of the nineteenth century and the revolution changed human settlement in other cities and resulted in unprecedented expansion of cities. This was an epidemic phenomenon that Iran would not be safe from it. In order to deal with the development and distribution of the city in Iran from mid-century imitation of the western planned systems, comprehensive plans that have in their hearts policies to control and limit urban growth were used. In the form of the comprehensive plans have been accomplished policies of the Green Belt to determine the physical limits of the city (urban growth boundary). After more than four decades, providing the first comprehensive plans for cities and for urban growth boundary, yet comprehensive and accurate assessment has not been made from success and effectiveness of the urban growth inhibition tools. Those factors caused we executed this research and in this research has been selected Tehran metropolis as study sample. After that, this study sample has been investigated in order to assess the measure of success and effectiveness of the urban growth boundary. In this research has been used qualitative research method. Research indicator has been derived from the theoretical foundations and satellite images and Envi 4.8 software has been used to verify adaptation comprehensive plan of urban growth boundary and the real border. The main findings of this research are follows: Urban growth boundary that has been determined in comprehensive plan 1371 not effectively control urban development. In the period 1371-1386, a large part of the new development outside of the urban growth boundary has been located. When the ability of urban growth boundary control by using of growth boundary inhibition was measured, the results were shown that the value of this indicator is 0/15 percent and the result means that urban growth boundary of comprehensive plan has no ability in limit of urban growth of Tehran metropolis. Size scope of the urban growth boundary specified in the comprehensive plan that has been determined in 1371 had been appropriate and had been more than the necessary amount. Thus, the failure of the urban growth boundary in respect to evolutions and developments in outside of the East Tehran metropolis and thrown out in the southern part is clear. Size scope of the urban growth boundary specified in the comprehensive plan that has been determined in 1371 had been appropriate and had been more than the necessary amount. Thus, the failure of the urban growth boundary in respect to evolutions and developments in outside of the East Tehran metropolis and thrown out in the southern part is clear. Size scope of the urban growth boundary specified in the comprehensive plan that has been determined in 1371 had been appropriate and had been more than the necessary amount. Thus, the failure of the urban growth boundary in respect to evolutions and developments in outside of the East Tehran metropolis and thrown out in the

Today, with the rapid depletion of fossil energy sources and increasing of environmental problems, supervision and management of energy consumption becomes more important. Looking at the breakdown of energy consumption by sectors, the buildings sector is seen as one of the priority areas. About 40% of energy consumption of the residential buildings in Iran is fossil fuel-derived. In recent years, housing units increased significantly in Tehran as the largest and most populous city of Iran and targeted subsidies policy is implemented and energy costs have gone up. Therefore providing solutions to reduce energy consumption in this sector is very important. Windows are one of the most important components of building thermal coating that affect the energy efficiency and environmental thermal comfort. It is obvious windows play a critical role in saving energy because about 30% of the total energy loss occurs through them. Therefore the evaluation of the optimal window type and window to wall ratio in the first phase of architectural design, plays an important role in the energy efficiency and improving the quality of indoor environment. The main objective of this paper is to present an approach that provides assistance for designers to select optimal ratio of window to wall for residential buildings concerning economic analysis that affect this assessment. In this research, a building model as a case study (the six-story apartment in the city of Tehran) is considered and then its energy consumption optimized via simulation software. Based on the simulations, two optimization parameters, window to wall ratio and type of windows, are evaluated. In this regard, at the first phase, four types of window glazing with same size in four main orientations and a window to wall ratio of 5 to 55% on residential building was simulated to determine the optimized window to wall ratio through evaluating of energy consumption. At the next step, optimized windows in three directions was considered on building model for simulations of energy consumption and then optimized windows in terms of energy efficiency was identified. Finally, for economic analysis of the use of optimal windows, a newly designed building that uses the optimal window is economically compared to a house that is architecturally and structurally similar to existing buildings and has more energy consumption. The energy costs, payback period and internal rate of return of these two buildings are compared to find the economical differences. The results show that energy consumption of residential buildings in Tehran reduced up to 20/3% only by using high performance windows and optimum wall to window ratio. It can be concluded that the influence and sensitivity of window-wall ratio on the total energy consumption are related to the orientation of outside window, and the glazing types of window. The window orientations could be prioritized in the following order: south, east, west, and north. Also according to the current price of fuel in Iran and the 17/8 years payback period that Obtained from economic analysis, the additional initial cost will be offset by the proposed policies.

This paper aims to explore the dialectic of the interior space and the exterior space as one of the prominent features of place through the lens of phenomenology, which regards place as the existential basis of mankind in the universe. The spatial structure of place encompasses conceptual, operational and extensional models –cases which contain both the generalities and the details of spatial structure and allow for phenomenological analysis and interpretation of place. In this approach, the phenomenon of place as the spatial and existential basis of mankind has a special significance. Understanding the features and structure of place can help us better perceive its nature and can lead to formation of cognitive foundations in the deep relationship between mankind and the universe. Given the shortcomings of quantitative approaches, architecture is becoming more interested in the phenomenological thinking system. The methodology of this study moves from theory to research and from research to theory in an exploratory manner with a mixed nature and with emphasis on qualitative investigation. Relying on phenomenological approach, which calls for return to the things themselves, this study attempts to revisit the phenomenon of place with a closer look, to explore the nature of dialogue between the inside and the outside as a structural feature and to examine the relationship between mankind, place and universe; it attempts to answer this question: how is it possible to approach the structural nature of a place by means of dialectic understanding of the interior space and the exterior space of that place. For this purpose, first the most important concepts and topics in phenomenology and their relationship with the subject of the inside and the outside are reviewed; then, the concepts of the inside and the outside are analyzed by means of exploring the phenomenon of place and its constituting structures from different perspectives; finally, a conceptual model for understanding the nature and qualities of this relationship in different places will be proposed. Library research is the main data collection tool in this study, majorly revolving around reviewing of the opinions of important theorists in this field for explanation and interpretation of the concepts of the inside and the outside. The result is a conceptual model for the dialogue between the inside and the outside which is formed based on the presence and experience of mankind in place and includes concepts such as philosophy, poetic image, identity and architecture as well as components such as spatial structure, character, boundary, area, path and center. This model can help us expand our conceptual and operational understanding of the relationship between the interior space and the exterior space. When the aim is understanding the roots and philosophical principles of the inside and the outside with a phenomenological approach, concepts such as intentionality (as the nature and main root), presence, absence, ready-to-hand, present-at-hand and proximity, which facilitate understanding of the subject, must be studied at the highest order.

Most studies on thermal comfort in urban spaces have been focused on physical factors, while thermal adaptation is one of the most important factors in the perception of comfort. Up to now, in most studies on thermal comfort and adaptability of individuals with micro climatic conditions in urban public spaces or residential areas in Iran, just studies of physical and physiological factors and physical suggestions such as changes in the form of building, density, vegetation species, landscaping and land use planning have been conducted. Of course, there are some studies on thermal comfort perceived (not felt)and combination of physical and objective studies with mental, social and environmental psychological studies with a collaborative approach to the visitors to the space in some countries of the world; but the psychological variables studied (especially in the field of thermal adaptation) generally include the effects of the factors such as naturalness, expectation, experiences and time of exposure and perceived control on space. Although the mentioned variables have been not studied in the form of urban public spaces according to the climatic and cultural-demographic conditions of different regions in Iran in a comprehensive study, the main goal of the present study is the effect of the sense of place component on perceived thermal comfort and thermal adaptation of individuals which have been not considered in previous studies. By studying the relationship between the two concepts of thermal adaptation and sense of place, in order to promote the thermal comfort of the people in an urban space and generalize it to a variety of comfort conditions in a space, it is possible to decide better in the planning process to achieve the goals of an urban space. Since we will not have a space with a physical comfort, but without an adequate sense of place which encounters a lack of attraction of people compared to spaces that although the lack of comfort, but have enough sense of place. Therefore, expanding the concept of perception and its difference with feeling is one of the key goals of the present research. The hypothesis of the present study is that: "There is a direct relationship between thermal adaptation in order to reach thermal comfort and different levels of a sense of place in urban spaces. "The experimental model of this study has been extracted after conceptualization and explained by Delphi method and then, a questionnaire corresponding to each component of the model was developed by surveying in two urban spaces in Tehran city and filled out by 200 citizens presenting in the two places in cold season and then analyzed using statistical tests, including T-test, correlation and Beta. The results indicate that, it was also found that there is a direct correlation between the two variables of sense of place and individuals’ thermal adaptation in order to achieve the thermal comfort (the proof of the main research hypothesis). Finally, some strategies have been provided to improve the thermal adaptation and sense of place and to increase the mentioned correlation.

Gentrification as an important phenomenon in most of the world's cities, both developed and developing, is a newfound concept first emerged in the 60's. This phenomenon implies the replacement of lower classes by the middle classes in urban areas. This is more common in the central and older neighborhoods, which, over time, have gathered the lower strata of society. Many cities in Iran, including Tehran, contain physically inefficient areas. Because of physical problems, these areas are mainly secure locations for those classes who do not have the tendency or power to switch to areas with fewer difficulties. In these areas, along with undeniable social problems, intra-neighborhood relations and social capitals are bold and strong. Other prominent features of these areas are the proximity to commercial and administrative centers and, in general, to the city's work and activity centers. There are middle and upper classes in such cities who -for various reasons, such as time and cost saving- are interested in living close to the work and activity centers; residential areas at the margin of activity areas are of great desirability for these people. Some of the most important reasons for the decreased attraction of these areas as the target of immigration for middle classes are physical problems and weak public services and facilities. Improving the physical condition of these areas will lead to an increase in demand for housing by middle and upper classes and results in rising land prices. The added value of the estates, the increase in the entry of upper economic classes and the loss of previous social cohesion, will gradually cause the low-income groups to lose their ability and desire to live in the neighborhood.Urban regeneration projects and activities, in some experiences, solving the physical problems of neighborhoods and the major obstacles to their poor quality, will increase the demand for housing in these neighborhoods, resulting in an increase in the prices of residential units and displacement of old residents. In such cases, urban regeneration will accelerate the occurrence of gentrification within the context of the deteriorated neighborhoods. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effects of urban regeneration policies on the severity of the occurrence of gentrification as well as the effects of this phenomenon on the social and economic structure of inefficient neighborhoods. In order to achieve this goal, the method of case study and statistical analysis tool of the last ten years and completion of questionnaires in Khani-Abad and Atabak neighborhoods, both of which have experienced different levels of regeneration policies and actions, is used. In both neighborhoods, the trend of changes in the number of construction permits and the price of land in the ten-year period of 2006-2016 was investigated. According to the population of 2016, a number of residents were randomly assigned and theire residency background, educational level and income have been questioned. The results show that the symptoms of the occurrence of the gentrification are more obvious in the neighborhood where regeneration interventions and more physical changes are observed.

The theory of "reflection" in the cinema sociology sees the film as documents that reflect the social life and therefore by examining them, which in them, and by them, we can realize changes and social trends. In this article, Tehran city is analyzed and readout from the perspective of cinema sociology in viewing experience and the emergence of the 40’s cinema, and changes in behavior and cultural norms and social and economic transformations and their impact on behaviors and norms of the city by the method of semiotics. Urban social life is cause and movies are effect. As a result, given the position of cinema sociology, we can realize common urban issues and also reflection of the mentality in this particular historical period, and we can find social consciousness and a new morality that accompanied these relations and public reaction of citizens in the face of this city. The at hand study’s approach is Semiotics of Saussure, and the confrontation for finding the narrative structure and the contrasts. Then, the social structure with its developments compared to discover the social meanings of images. Urban social life is cause and movies are effect, and since based on Goldman's view, the original creator of the artwork, not the author, but it is the social group which this worldview is formed in it; we had tried to bridge between provided images of the city and The role of ideology and social classes and be clear that these pictures are the product of the view of which groups and social classes to the community? Unlike specialists in film studies, sociologists work with large data and are interested in the relationship between the community and films, which is why this is a microscopic study of a large data. Urban issues are more than not, usually subjects such as contrast of urban and rural, urban and rural contrasts characters, Housing problem, the marginalized, the class struggle in the big cities particularly with an emphasis on spatial inequalities between neighborhoods, issues and events that are happening in the neighborhoods of the city. Then we checked out these films and divided them based on the image of the city which the films were offered. Then we selected films of each class which clearly had more features in the image in question, as examples. We tried to review the changes of the city and transformations of cultural, social and economic norms of behaviors and their impact on urban norms and behaviors. The result was a film that was one of the most influential films of the '40s, Khesht-o-Ayineh (Created by Ebrahim Golestan, Year 1344 Solar Hijri calendar), and with analyzing and explaining these videos and extracting common features of them through image semiotics and given the status of knowledge for cinema, Common to urban issues in this particular historical period can be realized and also the part of the mind, the unconscious social and public reaction of citizens in the face of the city can be realized.

Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a sub discipline of operations research that explicitly evaluates multiple conflicting criteria in decision making. MCDA are well known acronyms for multiple-criteria decision making and multiple criteria decision analysis; Stanley Zionts helped popularizing the acronym with his 1979 article " MCDM – If not a Roman Numeral, then What?", intended for an entrepreneurial audience. MCDM is concerned with structuring and solving decision and planning problems involving multiple criteria. The purpose is to support decision-makers facing such problems. Typically, there does not exist a unique optimal solution for such problems and it is necessary to use decision maker's preferences to differentiate between solutions. "Solving" can be interpreted in different ways. It could correspond to choosing the "best" alternative from a set of available alternatives, where "best" can be interpreted as "the most preferred alternative" of a decision-maker. Another interpretation of "solving" could be choosing a small set of good alternatives, or grouping alternatives into different preference sets. An extreme interpretation could be to find all "efficient" or "nondominated" alternatives. Many "Multiple Criteria Decision Making" (MCDM) methods are available, which are often implemented by specialized decision-making software. One of the most important methods is the DEX method. DEX (Decision EXpert) Analytic Hierarchy Process is a qualitative and simple method that used to make decisions in situations where conflicting decision making criteria deal with difficult to make choosing between options. This method was first proposed by a Slovenian research group in 1983 and it has been used in many fields of science, including industry, health and housing up to now. DEX facilitates the following: - Acquisition of decision models, which are composed of: a hierarchy of attributes, and the corresponding utility functions that are defined by decision rules; - Consistency checking of decision rules; - Acquisition, evaluation and analysis of options; - Explanation of the evaluation results; - Group decision-making support. This article is extracted from the thesis "Design of Persian Miniature House with an Approach to Applying the Mystical Attitude of Iranian Painting". It has also tried to test the DEX method in the area of architecture; for this purpose, it is used in the site locating section. To select a site from existing sites, It needs components that are in line with the project approach and use. These are presented in the body of the article as an example. Now, in this context, can DEX be the target's answer? In this paper, a specific usage of this method is examined with an example of architecture, i.e. in selecting the appropriate location for the design of the project. The obtained results show that the DEX hierarchical analysis process method, which is done today with the help of software, regarding to be simple, flexible, using qualitative criteria and also the ability to review adaptability in judgments, can be used in simple issues, such as selecting a machine, to more complex issues such as the choice of land in architecture and urban projects, and to achieve the desired result.

The field of the architectural form is an area for categorizing the characteristics of intra-urban and suburban caravansaries in Isfahan (Iran), which reveals its similarities and differences, in a way that in the process of these analyzes they can characterize the specific and general features of the above mentioned buildings in Isfahan. Despite the similarities, this methodology provides a solution for the status and the reason of the differences between intra-urban and suburban caravansaries of Isfahan in the context of the architectural form. Due to the fact that this method for a comparative study to classify these types of buildings is used less in researches, Therefore, this research has used it based on library and field studies, on the one hand, and the processing of information in a quantitative, applied way, in the retrospective time and in a deductive manner, on the other hand, to diagnose the geometric proportions, the form of spatial organization and the structure of the spatial circulation of the architecture of the intra-urban and suburban caravansaries of Isfahan and also to examine the estate and the reason of the similarity or diversity of the subject matter studied. Analysis and studies revealed that although Intra-Urban and Suburban Caravansaries in Isfahan like other Caravansaries are created with two or four square yard in hot and dry weather with a specified rhythm of number of chambers around the intermediate, so due to the lack of today’s ability of factorial computation, the architect based on ancestors’ experiences has used different geometric analogies similar to linear and traverse inequality of the intermediate or the way of inner squares for determining the width of the entrance of the yards of the basic intermediate in order to create a commensurate building. On the other hand, in the design of the aerial figure of the studied Caravansaries plot integrity and legibility through the use of central layout in the plan layout, Input location relative to the ambassador (in the intra-urban caravansaries beside the intermediate axis and in the suburban caravansaries in the middle or the corner) and the form of access of the main intermediate to the corners of the building, with some tricks such as multi-chamber design or access locating, have been some of the measures taken in the design of the urban and suburban caravansaries in Isfahan. It is worth noting that, based on the results of the research, the design based on the climate orientation is only used where the architect had more freedom in designing the plan (Lack of ground constraints); Also, the location of the suburban and inland caravansaries of Isfahan has affected the formation of its longitudinal axis relative to the main motorway or market order; In a way that beside the factors such as the functional system of neighborhoods or the performance of the caravanserai construction index in determining the shape of the route and the access hierarchy of the main entrance and the input form have been influential to the original route at the outset.