پژوهش نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و اقتصادی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 15، بهار و تابستان 1398)

Since revolutions have been so important in world history over the past three centuries, various theories have been elaborated by historical sociologists, and the Iranian constitutional revolution is one of the turning points of Iranian history because it changed the political structure of the country and its effects are still there. Theda  Skocpol is one of the contemporary sociologists in the United States who has studied social revolutions in Asia and Europe. This research aims to explain the degree of conformity of the  Skocpol model with the constitutional revolution by a descriptive-explanatory method. According to the  Skocpol hypothesis, the social revolution is the product of an accidental confluence of structural factors. In her view, a social revolution is taking place in an agricultural and non-colonial country, and the factor of that international pressure on the government is peasant revolt and marginal elite participation. In the 19th century, Iran was an agricultural and non-colonial country, and all three of the factors that  Skocpol intended had role in constitutional revolution, but other factors were also effective, such as urban revolts and semi-colonial conditions. In fact, international pressure began with wars with Russia, and the Qajar government needed financial and tax revenue to strengthen its military. Thus, the government resorted to a centralized policy that resulted in economic pressures on the different classes. In response, all social classes objected to the modernization and economic reforms of the government, but the outcome of these protests depended on the position and influence and support of foreign agents. The constitutional revolution took place in the conditions of weak Russian power and British political support for the constitution, but with the Russian-British coalition the political power of the social classes disappeared. Thus, the Constitutional Revolution did not lead to the empowerment of Iran. So the constitutional revolution is almost in line with  Skocpol's theory of the fields of revolution, but it contradicts the consequences of the social revolutions intended by  Skocpol because Iran was in semi-colonial terms.

In this article, one of the natural disasters will be considered, which occurred during a contemporary period in one of regions of Iran, an earthquake that rocked Torbat Heydarieh in eastern Iran in the spring of 1302. In this regard, there are two main goals: The consequences and effects of this earthquake in terms of social and economic, also, the performance and reaction of governmental and non-governmental institutions towards this unpleasant event both inside and outside the country. As these two main topics will be addressed  with the qualitative approach based on the data of journals, archival documents, Through descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that this incident was one of the most horrific natural disasters in contemporary Iranian history, Apart from the fact that, like all of its homosexual disasters, it has resulted in harmful consequences from the point of view of mortality, psychological damage and property damage, It also revealed some cultural problems in society. However, on the other hand, one cannot ignore altruistic views and a sense of responsibility towards the victims of this earthquake inside and outside Iran during that time.

Iran's cinema changed from 1953 to 1979 due to political, economic and social changes in society. the "film Farsi" shadow in this period dominated the cinema, but movies were produced in both political and social terms. The generation raised in this period is accompanied by the economic and social modernization of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's regime. Unbalanced modernization, class division in cities, and the migration of villagers to cities, in the mentality of this generation created the gap of tradition and modernity. Iranian cinema in this era, influenced by the atmosphere of the community and the conflict between tradition and modernity, developments in film making are from popular flourishing to triteness and bankruptcy. In this research, descriptive-analytic method, the process of producing cinematic films in Iran and its changes and the consequences of the reaction of viewers to cinema, in the Pahlavi II regime, from 1953 to 1979, are examined. Findings of the research show that unbalanced modernizations of Mohammad Reza Shah's era create a gap in society with the government. the gap in the generation of spectators of this period between tradition and modernity due to social and economic modernization was also influential in Iranian cinema and its productions and eventually, the bankruptcy and crisis had in the cinema in the years leading up to the Islamic Revolution.

Hunting has been consistently renowned as one of the most important imperial pastimes among the ruling dynasties of Iran. The Safavid era was likewise no exception to this rule; hunting was embraced enthusiastically for the most part by the Safavid kings. The Safavids tried to benefit from diverse nature of this sport. Imperial hunting in the Safavid era was conducted using a wide variety of methods, which also had diverse applications. This paper attempts to investigate the position of imperial hunting and the variety of its applications in the Safavid era using the descriptive-analytical method based on archival texts. The findings of current research show that hunting was considered to be both the most important and also the most favored royal entertainment in the Safavid era, which took place using two primary methods annular or ring-formation hunting and free hunting. In this era, different living species such as wild animals, mammals, birds, and aquatic species were hunted. Hunting in this era had four important aspects, namely: recreational, artistic, subsistence-related, and politico-military

Social interaction arenas are one of the most important issues in urbanism that act as a proper context to respond to human society needs in the establishment of mutual relations. These arenas have an important place in Iran's urban history, which has been damaged by the occurrence of urban developments since 1300 AH, and from this perspective it is important to restore the status of those affecting the Iranian city's life. On this basis, research problem is what is the goal of social interaction arenas in Iranian city to establish social relations? The method used is descriptive - analytical and qualitative with the help of the study of secondary historical documents which has been used in three stages including descriptive-inference analysis, content analysis and inductive approach. The results show that a variety of spatial contexts in Iranian city respond to human need, including atashgah, mosque, school, square, and bazaar in pre - and post - Islam periods. Also in the Iranian city, there is a collective aspects of guarantor principles in the social interaction form in both periods that the main and common feature in all of them is space and consequently the physical depending on a special social function. Finally, in response to the research problem, social interaction arenas as tools that are affected by the sociocultural characteristics of the society, have been formed as diverse physical types with functional roles.

From the pre-Constitutional period, photography gradually crossed the walls of the royal palaces and came to the people, But Only used in family photos. One of these functions in commercial announcements was to encourage people to buy products. . The purpose of this study is to identify the position of the photo; as a tool for familiarizing people with the emerging Western phenomena in commercial advertisements (case study: Etellaat newspaper). For this purpose, content analysis method is used. The statistical population of the present article is 252 issues between the years of 1320-1305 and in Each year 36 numbers (first, middle, and end of each month) are used. The results of the research show that the emerging Western phenomena and consumerism advertising were seen in commercial image ads And played an effective role in persuading people to be consumerists And in the hidden layers, the advertisement is also used as a tool for the Pahlavi era identity project And promoted the values of Western consumerism among the community.

Geographic sources data is important because of less partiality. Large amount of this data is about Shiite sects that is written by geographic authors in the field approach. This kind of data is explored and classified by the analytical – historic method and considering the ruling discourse on the historical geography and is presented in the descriptive analytical form. The results show that the geographic authors discussed about the Shiite sects by the geographical – historical approach, so the represented sects in this kind of sources have objective aspects.

commercial bills was the most important and most used financial instrument in the economic relations of the Qajar era. According to historical evidence, during this time period, a large part of Iran's internal and external transactions was carried out using it. On the other hand, this document was not the only commercial operation, but the Qajar government used it for things like tax settlements, payment of debts and the purchase of goods from Outside the country. Despite the establishment of royal and Mortagage banks, as well as Western-style currency money, the use of bill in economic relations continued significantly until the end of the Qajar period. But what kind of document is it and how can a researcher identify it from a wide range of commercial documents? What factors made the bills turn into the most important financial instrument in Qajar trading? This research tries to answer these questions through a descriptive-analytical method and reviewing library resources and over 200 bills. The findings of this study indicate that the bills are of a specially structured nature that distinguishes them from other documents. Contentally, this document provides valuable information to the economic history researchers on the mechanism of the payment system among traders and individuals. On the other hand, lack of security in the roads, lack of coins, easy transportation, unpredictability of money, and lack of trust in banks were the main reasons for its widespread use in the Qajar era.

 During the mohammadReza pahlavi rule saw severe archaism and are promoting the idea of empire. The shah and his entourage decided to make the most of the symbolic capital of the idea of archaism. One of these measures was to change the source of the solar calendar of the country from Hijri to Imperial to Cyrus. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the process of changing the solar calendar origin from Hijri to Imperial during the Second Pahlavi period and to find an appropriate answer to the main question of this research, what were the purposes and process of converting the Hijri solar calendar to the Imperial calendar and whether the Shah changed Was the nation's calendar from Hijri (religious event) to Imperial (national event) seeking to legitimize its rule or thinking of opposing religion? The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. In 1975, the Shah changed the country's calendar as the Pahlavi dynasty celebrated its 50th anniversary. In doing so, the Shah sought to legitimize his power both domestically and in the West and did not insult Islam, but in practice the Shah removed an Islamic symbol and replaced it with a national symbol, which angered the religious forces. Keywords: Calendar, Solar Hijri Calendar, Imperial calendar, Aristocracy.

In the present study, it was attempted to re-examine the activities of Kurdish women in various social and economic fields, not only from the Kurdish language itself, but also from the language of neutral observers. And a comparative comparison between the social scene of Kurdish women and other women in Iran and Central Asia. The fundamental question of the research is whether the social status of Kurdish women can be compared to the surrounding areas? And what influenced the presence of Kurdish women in the social arena? The method used in this study is descriptive-analytical. The desired components were women's participation in special ceremonies and women's dresses. A library method has also been used for data collection. The above studies show that living environment, livelihood and tribal customs were effect on the presence of Kurdish women in the social realm in traditional Kurdish society. Also, based on historical evidence and in the eyes of European explorers, Kurdish women have a better social status than many other areas around.

After Mashruteh, BaladiehWas one of the goverment’s tool to handle City’affair; Such as Sanitation, Civil Construction, exchange goods; Which associate baladieh and asnafin all affairs. at Pahlavi’s Period baladieh was one of the important center to organize interior offair of aSnaf. Arayez reflect asnaf Concerns about limitations in their actions and consequent challenges.Thisarticle, aims to search relation between asnaf and baladieh and their conflicts.Results Showe interfere and Supervision by baladieh in asnaf affairs such as exchange, tariffs, etc were Making asnaf dissatisfied and asa result of reduce in Power and duties of asnaf, decline their old Situation at civil bazar. This historical research, made by Concentrate on documents of ArayezMajlesComission and Meanwhile attention to history research qualifications, use documentary analysis too.