فصلنامه پژوهش های حسابداری مالی
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 40، تابستان 1398)

Cash holdings in the company, despite the benefits of the ability to conduct business transactions, are the basis for creating problems such as the potential increase of non-financial investments due to agency issues. Therefore, conservative accounting practices, due to the efficient use of cash held, can reduce the cost of representing conflicting incentives between shareholders and managers. Therefore, the purpose of this a Study of the relationship between held-to-balance value and conservative accounting with an emphasis on the role of modification Controlling shareholders using a sample of 111 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2012 to 2016. Also, the test of research hypotheses was tested using multivariable regression. The results show that, in the absence of controlling shareholders, they hold a higher degree of cash conservatism and, in accordance with the results of the second hypothesis of research, the strengthening of the dominant control of shareholders, would reduce the positive effects of conservative accounting activities on cash value To give The third hypothesis also suggests that strengthening the supervisory dimension of controlling shareholders does not increase the positive relationship between cash and conservative accounting.

Financial constraints can impede optimal investment decisions and leading to the loss of firms’ investment opportunities by reducing access to funds required for investment. Certainly, the company's appropriate response to financial constraints can be effective in preventing these negative effects. Hence the study of factors that cause financial constraints can be useful in decision making about financial constraints. This research investigating the effect of market frictions on financial constraints with emphasize on political connections and corporate governance. In order to achieve the purpose of this study and by using the systematic sampling, 159 firms selected as a final sample during 1389-1395 which in general 1113 firm-years observation are considered in analysis of hypotheses. For investigating the relationship between variables, multivariable regression is used by OLS approach. Also in order to testing hypotheses we used panel Data approach. In order to calculate market frictions two criteria of information asymmetry and stock turnover rate, and for the calculation of corporate governance, three criteria of the existence of institutional shareholders, the existence of the audit committee and the independence of the board of directors have been used. The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between market frictions and financial constraints. The existence of political connections is effective in the relationship between stock turnover rates and financial constraints but in the relationship between information asymmetry and financial constraints has no effect.

Considering the highly competitive environment in companies, if a company cannot supply the required financing, it may encounter some problems in its activities. Companies are generally faced with two concerns on their financing conditions. The first concern is whether they have the required financial resources at a low cost in case of need while the second concern is whether they can repay their debts or not. Political connections are one of the factors which may affect the financing conditions of companies but have been less considered in research literature. For this purpose, the present study aimed at investigating the effect of political connections on financing policies. In this regard, a sample including 150 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange was studied during 1390-1396. The findings obtained from testing the research hypotheses indicated that political connections has a significant positive effect on short-term debt ratio, long-term debt ratio, total debt ratio, and the cost of debt. In addition, the findings revealed that political connections has a significant negative effect on the credit rating of companies.

Accounting reports have information content and conservatism, as a qualitative feature of financial information, can affect the quality of accounting information and its relevance to stock values. The main purpose of the present study is to Investigating the effect of conditional conservatism on earnings quality based on price value relevance and the earnings response coefficients. Accounting reports has information content and conservatism as a qualitative feature of financial information can affect the quality of accounting information and its relevance to stock value. In this research, two different measures, including price value relevance and earnings response coefficients, have been used to assess the quality of earnings. conservatism is calculated using Khan and Watts' (2009) model. To test the hypotheses, information from 236 companies accepted in the stock market was used during 1392 to 1396 and the research variables were analyzed using panel data and multivariate regression. The results show that there is positive and significant relationship between conditional conservatism and the earnings response coefficients. The results also show that there is a negative relationship between conditional conservatism and relevance to market value, but this relationship is significant only at the 90% confidence level. Accordingly, the results of testing hypotheses are consistent with the view that conservatism reduces the quality of financial reporting.

Marketing mix is an instrument managers use to affect the intention to purchase of the customers. The marketing mix of commodity and service products has been developed by past authors. But concerning to the classification of assets as real and financial assets, no marketing mix has been developed for the financial products to now. In this study we try to develop the financial products marketing mix using field study and factor analysis in measurement models. The data has been gathered in 2018. The sample included 341 market practitioner in 10 classes including institutional investors, analysts, individual investors, foreign investors, steel industry investors, mutual funds, investment companies and so on. The results show that we can classify the managerial activities in six marketing mix: return (including 10 elements), credit (including 3 elements), risk (including 6 elements), market scheduling (including 4 elements), Extra Services (including 3 elements), and flexibility (including 4 elements).

Fraudulent financial reporting which is characterized as the intentional elimination or distortion of information by CEOs to mask their fraudulent performance, is counted a serious corporate crime. Therefore, various studies have been conducted to investigate the various factors influencing the likelihood of fraudulent reporting. In the same vein, the present study, focusing on an aspect of the financial reporting environment, aims at scrutinizing the association between financial statement comparability and the likelihood of corporate fraudulent financial reporting. For this purpose, De Franco et al. (2011) model was used to measure the comparability of financial statements and the approach offered by Ribar et al. (2014) and Rahrovi Dastjerdi et al (2018), based on audit fees is to measure the likelihood of reporting fraudulent. The research hypothesis was also studied by using a sample of 89 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2013-2017, and then tested using a fixed logistic regression method and panel data. The results of the research reveal that financial statements comparability mitigates the likelihood of corporate fraudulent reporting. Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that financial statements comparability can increase the transparency and comprehensibility of financial reports, reducing the managers' opportunistic behavior and the likelihood of fraudulent reporting.