فصلنامه شهر پایدار
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، تابستان 1398)

In recent years, various concepts of sustainable development paradigm have been proposed that most of it consists of geographical branches. Such concepts as Green city, Ecological city, living city and Environmental city are referred to as urban sustainable development. Sustainable city is also a new approach to achieve urban sustainable development that was introduced by Appleyard in Livable Streets book. According to growth of urbanization all over the world, especially in developing countries such as Iran, it is necessary to study the dimensions of these approaches to create a viable city. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate urban livability indices in eight districts of Ahvaz city. The study is based on applied research and its methodology is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population includes 1095389 inhabitants in eight districts of Ahvaz city and by using of Cochran formula ,384 persons was estimated as sample size. At first, indicators of livable city were identified by using of documentary and library sources, then the required information of Ahvaz’s eight districts was collected with questionnaire tool. Finally, Ahvaz’s eight districts were evaluated and ranked by Shannon entropy and VIKOR decision making (VIKOR) methods. The results show that Ahvaz’s No.3 and No.5 districts have severally the highest and lowest livability than others. To clarify the status of each area, all of them were categorized into three spectra. Overall, three, one and four areas of the city had desirable, area semi-desirable and undesirable situation, respectively. Therefore, balanced planning between areas and considering undesirable areas should be included in the tasks of the authorities.

management of municipal solid waste is one of the most important environmental issues at worldwide. Environmental and health problems caused by inadequate waste management include increase of disease and stray animals, pollution of air, water, land and more. Therefore, identifying the indicators and improving the efficiency of the waste management system is very important. In the present study,With a descriptive-analytical approach has been attempted to identify and evaluate the effective indicators in two aspects of production-separation and collecting-transportation for improving waste management system. The statistical population of questions related to citizens, all women in Yazd city and the statistical population is related to experts, experts of waste management, municipal services and environmental organizations. 70 questionnaires were completed by experts and 70 questionnaires were completed by household women.The results show that social awareness has an effect on the waste production in Yazd city, but it has not been effective on waste separation. In addition, the amount of income and the number of family members influenced the amount of waste production in Yazd City. The use of appropriate technology and the use of the private sector have had an impact on performance of system. The frequency and time of waste collection did not affect the collection and transportation dimension. The reason for the lack of impact can be due to the lack of frequency and inappropriate dry waste collection time (one day per week), as well as collecting wet waste as a couple or individual days per month is a reason for citizens' dissatisfaction.

Urban environmental justice is considered as one of the urban sustainable development pillars to improve the quality of life, freedom, welfare, and security for all citizens. The aim of this study is to evaluate the equitable distribution of tourism ecosystem services as one of the most important urban ecosystem services. The research methodology is based on analytical evaluation method that  examines the current status of tourism ecosystem service distribution by using  of supply, demand and access analysis to evaluate the equitable distribution of tourism ecosystem services. Three models containing Invest tourism model, Geocache and Tourism Opportunity Spectrum model were used to estimate  flow, supply, and access to this ecosystem services. Also, Social status indicators were used to deman analysis  all over districts of Tehran. Results of each three models, revealed that  however there is high demand for this service in the southern and central districts , tourism ecosystem services flow and supply in northern districts especially No.1 to 4 districts were higher than others  in all three models. Despite the similar outcomes of all three models, the tourism opportunity spectrum model provided better results for assessing the toursm ecosystem services. Finally, main results of this study confirmed injustice of ecosystem services distrbution in Tehran so that the southern and central districts of Tehran do not benefit adequately from this ecosystem service due to distance, inadequate access, and lower socioeconomic status

With the advent of environmental psychology, important scientific and practical changes have occurred in the physical environment of human life. and urban design based on the space-time paradigm was considered. Spatial evolutions in cities are unavoidable over time that cause major alterations in the spatial structure of cities and  lead to changes  in space and time. Due to physical  exhaustion, urban planners are more involved in  physical   development of urban  historical textures  than other parts that  these interventions sometimes cause the historical texture to be ignored . The development and physical changes in the historical axis of 15 Khordad have caused inconsistency between body  and historical identity of the texture so it has led to a decrease in the environmental quality of the historical sites. The article is based on   applied-descriptive analysis and its purpose is to analyze the effect of physical changes of historical texture on the historical memory of citizens .Then,  the conceptual model is formulated to provide a more accurate field study and then the relationship between variables is investigated by using of structural equation modeling (SEM). Finally, results show that Physical - mental changes with a weight of 0.96 the and Physical-objective Changes with a weight of 0.82 have the highest and lowest impact on the citizens' historical memory , respectively. The physical changes of the historical axis of 15 Khordad have often been incursion and destructive due to the exhaustion of buildings so emphasis on appropriate planning and environmental designing to preserve citizens' historical memory is essential that, if these changes are accompanied by continuity,  equilibrium will happen but  hasty changes without regard to coordination  between physical objectivity and citizen's mentality cause to eliminate identity and memories from the collective memory

Understanding the problems of cities and also their physical pattern and form at different scales are very important. In addition, urban structure planning requires the use of localized data at the appropriate scale. Choicing of the optimal scale in studies is one of the principles that can make the results of studies more accurate and practical. The purpose of this study is investigating the effect of scale on urban spatial and environmental studies of 1 and 3-district in Tehran. The present research approach describes the effects of scale on urban land scape by using ecological land scape pattern and satellite images in meso-scale (Landsat satellite) and micro-scale (Quickbird satellite). Comparing the results of land scape quantification in the meso and micro scales in 1 and 3-district in Tehran, indicates the difference in the results. In the first scale 1747 green patches and in the second scale, 36516 green patches were distinguished, which both of them are used. Also some differences are in the size and density of the edge as well as the shape of the patches in the two study scales. In addition, the results show that the characteristics of patches in micro-scale of 1 and 3-district in Tehran are closer to the natural state of green space of these deistricts and more applicable in urban and local planning but they arrangements are less. This less order has nothing to do with the destruction of such space. The importance of arrangement of patches is important in regional studies. At this level, mid-scale images survey are recommended. In general, by guiding studies based on the principles of scale, the uncertainty of the results can be minimized and the quality of decisions will be improved.

Urban spaces are one of the most important places of social presence of citizens that the   vitality and comfort of their audience are necessary to survive. Overnight activities in urban  spaces lead to becoming these areas more attractive for visitors. Nowadays , the Naghsh-e Jahan Square is facing many  problems such as  destruction of walls, columns, etc.,  that lead to a decrease population absorption and prevention  its vitality and nightlife. The purpose of the present study is to measure the vitality and nightlife of Naghsh-e Jahan Square of  Isfahan with emphasis on urban sustainable security. Library and field methods have been used to collect information. The statistical population of the study includes pedestrians of Naghsh-e Jahan Square  and experts that 100 pedestrians during a week as well as using a two-stage Delphi technique, 25 experts were randomly selected as sample size.  One-sample t-test was used to analyze the data and SWARA and BWM techniques were used to prioritize the criteria. The results of one-sample t-test for measuring the vitality and nightlife of Isfahan’s Naghsh-e Jahan Square show that there is a significant difference between the baseline (3) and the calculated value (3/38) (sig=/000). The outcomes  of the SWARA technique indicate that the social index with the weight of 0/339, the vitality index with the weight of 0/271, the security index with the weight of 0/217 and the physical index with the weight of 0/174 were  ranked first to fourth place in order of priority. Finally ,  the results of the BWM model show that the social index with the value of 0/251, the vitality index is 0/250, the security index with the value of 0/249, and the physical index with the value of 0/248 were severally ranked first to fourth place.

Strengthening and expanding urban, active, dynamic and vibrant public spaces have been considered by urban planners as one of the strategic goals of enhancing the quality of the urban artificial environment. The revitalization of urban life requires humanizing and then humanizing it. The purpose of this article is to analyze the physical-spatial status of the 17th of September Tehran pavement in order to create a lively environment to attract population and spend leisure time. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The indices and data used are documented and field survey collected. Data analysis was performed using Arc GIS software. Analyzes show that more than half of the area is inappropriate for walking and leisure use, and nearly 65 percent of the activities offered are not in a catchy area, and the access status of the area is assessed by appropriate public and private transport. Most of those in the area came from neighboring areas and fewer people from the north and west. The results of this study indicate that planning and designing the built environment has a great role in the development of walking because in the northern part of the area, due to the variety and flexibility of the activities and activities compared to the middle and south sections, the population density is higher and pedestrians are more likely to be affected. More traffic in that area, and more attention to the structure and body of the environment, in addition to limiting the accessibility of cars, to increase the walking ability and vitality of the environment.

Quality of life is a complex, multi dimensional, time and place dependent concept. One of the important factors affecting quality of life is the size of the dwelling. Accordingly, the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between city size and quality of life. The study area is urban settlements of Guilan and Mazandaran provinces. Objective data on quality of life were extracted from the population census of 2016 and subjective data on quality of life using a researcher-made questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics techniques including mean, standard deviation, one-sample T test, correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the objective dimension of quality of life including housing quality, access to facilities and services, literacy rate and access to job opportunities had a positive and significant correlation with city size and subjective dimension of quality of life including relaxation, life satisfaction, opportunity and social capital have a significant negative correlation with city size.