مجله پژوهش در نشخوار کنندگان
سال هفتم شماره 2 (تابستان 1398)

Mesquite or Kahoor (Prosopis Juliflora swartz) fimily Leguminosae, sub-fimily Mimosoideaes is a perennial, fast-growing, ever- green and drought resistant shrub or tree that planted and developed in the south parts of Iran and is known as Kahoor. This plant can be used for preventing soil erosion and stability of sand dunes. It also provides fruit (pod) as animal feed. The young branches (browses) and pods of Kahoor is good goats and camel. The aim of this study was determining the chemical composition and digestibility of Prosopis Juliflora pods and leaves and to using Prosopis Juliflora pods (PJP) in diet on the growth Performance of fattening Tali goats.

In this experiment 24 Kahoor pods and leaves samples were collected randomly from three intensive cultivated planted areas in Hormozgan province. Samples sun dried and mixed to get homogenous and then were used for chemical analysis. Also, Kahoor pods and leaves were collected, dried and ground in this study the In vivo digestibility of Kahoor pods and leaves were determined by eight Goat. Eighteen Tali male Kids with initial body weight of 13.20 ±1.5 kg were randomly divided into two equal groups on the basis of age and live weight (LW) used in a experimental design with two treatments and nine replications. Goats fed with control diet and the other group with diet of 28.5 % PJP (30% forage to 70 % concentrate ratio) for 14 weeks. The diets were offered into two equal halves daily at 08:00 am and 16:00 pm hours. The kids were weighted in initial trial and every 2 weeks after 16 h feed deprivation using a suspended weighing scale and calculated their weight changes. The average body weight gain, average dry matter intake and feed conversion ware determined. Chemical composition and digestibility, Feed intake, body weight changes and feed conversion data were analyzed using the SAS 9.1(2001) software and GLM procedures, with two treatments and nine repeats per treatment with using T- test.

The result of this experiment showed that the chemical composition mean of PJP and PJL samples were contained 88.4,42.31% dry matter, 92.61,90.52% organic matter, 13.82,20.3% crude protein, 5.42,9.48% ash,40.3,54.22% neutral detergent fiber, 26.98,31.84% acid detergent fiber, 1.04,2.26% calcium, 0.21,0.27% phosphors (on DM basis) respectively. The average digestibility coefficient pods and leaves for Dry matter, Organic matter, Neutral detergent fiber and Acid detergent fiber is 60.99, 55.74 and 62.16, 57/69 and 56.25, 59.78 and 47.45, 43.05, respectively. The average daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency were 87.28 g, 783.3g, 8.6 and 90.55g, 823.3g, 8.3 respectively for Kids received control and PJP diet that were not statistically different. Total cost of feed and also, cost of meat production was cheaper than control group. The result of this study indicated that the PJP similar to commercial concentrate has supplied kids requirements that can be suitable replacement for commercial concentrate in fattening kids diets.

Results indicated that pods and leaves contain a large amount of essential nutritive material and can used T.M.R. with other feed in maintenance conditions animal rations after drying and reducing anti nutrition materials. Also; that PJP can be used in fattening kids concentrate to 28.5 % DM rate without negative and side effect on growth performance and FCR goats and reduced 30% the feeding cost economically.

Zinc has a role in many cases such as rumen microbial activity, immunity, and blood metabolites. But, there is no sufficient information on the effect of nano and organic Zn supplements on microbial protein synthesis and immunity variables in Holstein calves. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the effect of using nano-ZnO and Zn-methionine instead of ZnO (equal to or twice NRC 2001-recommended level) on urinary purine derivatives, microbial protein, immunoglobulins and nitrogenous compounds of the blood in pre- and post-weaning calves.

Sixty suckling Holstein calves were assigned into one of the 6 experimental groups (10 replications) in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments were the diets containing: 1- ZnO equal to NRC recommendation, 2- Zn-methionine equal to NRC recommendation, 3- nano-ZnO equal to NRC recommendation, 4- ZnO twice NRC recommendation, 5- Zn-methionine twice NRC recommendation, and 6- nano-ZnO twice NRC recommendation. During 7 to 30 days of age, the calves were fed with milk and starter concentrate according to the above treatments. From days 31 to 70, milk and mixed alfalfa-starter (at the ratio of 10:90) were provided for the calves. Weaning was done at 70 days of age and during post-weaning period (71 to 100 days of age), the calves were freely fed with experimental diets (alfalfa and starter concentrate at the ratio of 20:80). During pre- and post-weaning periods, the urinary purine derivatives, microbial N synthesis, total globulin, IgM, IgG, total protein, albumin, urea-N, creatinine and glucose of the blood were determined. Data were analyzed in a factorial experiment (3×2) using PROC MIXED of SAS (2001).

Urinary purine derivatives and microbial N synthesis were not affected by replacing ZnO with nano-ZnO and Zn-methionine during pre- and post-weaning periods. Zinc chemical form had no significant effect on the blood concentrations of total globulin, IgM and IgA. Total protein, albumin, urea-N, creatinine and glucose in the blood of the calves fed with inorganic, nano or organic Zn supplements were the same. Moreover, increasing Zn level in the diet had no effect on urinary purine derivatives, microbial N synthesis, total globulin, IgM, IgA, total protein, urea-N, creatinine and glucose.

Using nano-ZnO and Zn-methionine instead of ZnO and also the increasing dietary Zn level had no effect on microbial protein synthesis, IgM, IgA, nitrogenous compounds and glucose in the blood of the calves. Thus, feeding the conventional inorganic Zn source (ZnO) at the NRC-recommended level was sufficient to supply the calves’ requirement during pre- and post-weaning periods and the other sources are not recommended.

Oil seeds contain significant amounts of fat and fatty acids unsaturated, and

Oil seeds contain significant amounts of fat and unsaturated fatty acids, and their use in the diet affects the composition of the fatty acids in various tissues of the body and animals' performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding hemp seed (HS) in diets with low levels of crude protein on feed intake, performance, nutrient digestibility on Baluchi fattening lambs and the possibility of CP reduction in the diets due toadverse effects of unsaturated fatty acids presence in HS on protozoal population and nitrogen recyclingin the rumen.

Twenty-four Baluchi male lambs, with 24±1 kg body weight (BW) and 4-5 months of age, were used in a completely randomized design experiment. Experimental diets included: 1) control diet with 14% crude protein; 2) diet with 14% crude protein, containing 10% of HS and 3) diet with 12% crude protein containing 10% HS. The fattening period lasted 84 days after a 21-day adaptation period. Dry matter intake, daily body weight gain, cold and hot carcass weights and apparent digestibility were determined. Urine spot sampling was used to determine the purine derivatives. Rumen fluid samples were taken through esophagus-tube connected to vacuum pump before and three hours after morning feeding on the last day of experiment and then pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were determined. Data were analyzed using GLM models of the SAS software.

Diets containing HS had significant effect on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG) and final weight of the lambs. The highest DMI and ADG were observed for lambs fed with آ with 14% crude protein. The final weight in lambs fed with HS with 14 and 12% crude protein diet were 46.11 and 43.03 kg, respectively which was higher than control group with final weight 42 kg. Diets containing HS had significant effect on apparent digestibility of DM and CP by lambs (P <0.05). The concentration of ruminal NH3-N and total protozoa and Holotricha population were significantly affected by experimental diets. The lowest number of ciliate protozoa and the lowest ruminal NH3-N concentration were observed in lambs fed with HS. Microbial protein synthess in lambs fed with HS was higher than control group (35 vs. 31 g/d).

The result of this experiment showed that higher daily body weight, final weight and the microbial protein synthesis were achieved in animals which fed 10 and 14 percent HS. Including 10% of HS to the diet and reducing 2% of CP diet did not have any negative effect on growth performance than control group. In conclusion, based on the results of ADG and final BW and higher microbial protein synthesis including 10% HS as a valuable nutritive feed in the diet of animals is recommended.

In spite of the advantages of total mixed ration compared to the traditional diet, the problem of bulking the diet has not yet been resolved. Moving, storing and transporting of low density crop residues is one of the major problems in using them in feeding animals, especially sending it to distant areas. One of the suggested ways to overcome these problems is to compress this material into a high-density complete feed block. Complete feed block with respect to its distinctive characteristics can affect the milk yield and nutritional behavior of lactating cows and alter the eating behavior of the animal. Changing the particle size of the fodder in complete feed block may also cause different performance – digestive responses in the animal.

Eight Holstein lactating dairy cows (106±25.5 days in milk, 23.18±3.30 kg milk production and 492.66±38.15 kg body weight) were housed in individual pen randomly, and assigned to a 4×4 Latin square change-over design. Four experimental rations were: complete feed blocks containing forage with a geometric mean of 4.15 mm (long block) and 2.68 mm (short block), mesh complete feeds containing forage with a geometric mean of 4.15 mm (long mesh) and 2.68 mm (short mesh). The effect of two physical forms of the feed, including mixed feed in the form of block and mesh as well as the particle size of short or long on nutritional behavior, digestibility of feed and milk yield of Holstein lactating cows were investigated.

Dry and organic matter intake in cows fed short CFBs were greater than cows fed short mash (P <0.05), but the difference between in dry matter intake of this two groups with other groups were not significant. The reduction in particle size of forage increased the digestibility of the feed (P<0.05), however, feed compression had no significant effect on this parameter. Daily yield of raw milk in cows fed short CFBs were about two percent higher than cows fed on short mash (P<0.05), but were not significant difference between groups concerning corrected milk based on four percent fat or milk adjusted for energy. The use of CFBs resulted in a decrease of 2.21% in daily production of milk fat (P = 0.006). Complete feed block increased the duration of eating and the meal size by 18.42 and 21.21 percent respectively, reduced the number of meals by 16.14 percent and increased the eating rate by 10.79% (P <0.05). Increasing the particle size of forage increased the duration of eating and decreased eating rate by 25.55% and 20.2%, respectively (P<0.05), but did not affect the number and size of meals. Compression of complete diet had no effect on the time spent for eating, rumination and total chewing time, but increasing the particle size of forage increased these parameters (P<0.05).

The results of this study showed that using the complete feed block in feeding of Holstein lactating cows compared to the complete feed of mash, had no significant differences in digestibility of diet. However, milk production increased and the amount of milk fat dropped. The complete feed block reduced the number of meals, increased feed intake per meal, and increased feed intake rate.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) is an annual plant considered as pseudocereals and belongs to the family Chenopodiaceae. Quinoa has excellent properties as low water requirement for growth, resistant to drought and salinity and nutritional good quality, which are the reason for the great interest. With increasing import of Quinoa seeds to IRAN, its planting is under development and soon will be produced a large amount of Quinoa crop residues. There is very limit information about nutritive value and digestibility of Quinoa crop residues. The objective of this study was to determine nutritive value and digestibility in two genotypes of Quinoa crop residues.

Complete Quinoa plant from two genotypes of Sjama and Sjama Iranshahr were harvested from an experimental farm. The plants were dried in the shade and then the seeds were separated. The sample of two genotypes of Quinoa crop residues were used for determine of chemical composition, fermentation, ruminal degradability, ruminal and post-ruminal dry matter (DM) disappearance.

There is no different in concentration of chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract, non fiber carbohydrate, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber between two genotypes of Quinoa crop residues. The averages of these chemical compositions in two genotypes of Quinoa were 13.11, 1.68, 22.74, 13.68, 48.80 and 32.69 % respectively. The gas production after 24h, potential of gas production (b), rate of gas production (c), metabolisable energy and short chain fatty acid were not different across two genotypes of Quinoa and were similar to values in alfalfa hay. The amounts of ruminal DM disappearance (51.60 vs. 57.76 %) and total tract DM disappearance (54.80 vs. 60.57 %) were lower (p<0.01) for Sjama genotype than Sjama Iranshahr genotype, while the post-ruminal DM disappearance was similar in both genotypes. Furthermore, rapidly degradable DM fraction (a), slowly degradable DM fraction (b) and rate constant of degradation of the b fraction (c) were lower (p<0.05) for Sjama genotype than Sjama Iranshahr genotype.

The concentration of CP in two genotypes of Quinoa crop residues were determined about 13%, which is higher than cereal straw and other residues of agriculture crops. On the other hand, coefficients of DM degradability were suitable and the values of total tract DM disappearance were about 55-60%. In general, these findings indicated that Quinoa crop residues can be used as a new feedstuff that provide nutritive requirement of ruminants.

The concentration of CP in two genotypes of Quinoa crop residues were determined about 13%, which is higher than cereal straw and other residues of agriculture crops. On the other hand, coefficients of DM degradability were suitable and the values of total tract DM disappearance were about 55-60%. In general, these findings indicated that Quinoa crop residues can be used as a new feedstuff that provide nutritive requirement of ruminants.

High amount of pistachio by-product are produced annually in Iran that most of them are considered as agricultural waste. Main problem regarding feeding PB to livestock is the presence of phenolics and tannins which can affect their utilization by ruminants. In vitro studies have shown that tannin reduced microbial protein synthesis due to its antimicrobial effects. The main objectives of the current study were to evaluate the effects gamma irradiation (10 kGy), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), urea and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the tannins and phenolic compounds, gas production (GP) and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) of PB.

Pistachio by-product was obtained from a pistachio processing factory and was air dried before it was used in this study. Samples were treated with 4% NaOH, 4% urea solution and gamma radiation (10 kGy) and assigned in a completely randomized design. Phenolic compounds were analyzed according to standard methods. Gas production (GP) test was performed and produced gas were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. PEG were used in line with treatments. Metabolisable energy (ME), digestible organic matter (DOM) and volatile fatty acids (SCFA) were estimated via available equations. In another run of gas test (using 10.0 atom % 15N-double labeled urea in buffer solution), at the 12 h of incubation gas volume was recorded and the contents of the syringe were transferred quantitatively to tubes for determination of apparently undegraded residue, 15N incorporation and efficiency of microbial mass production. To estimation gas production coefficients were done by Orskov and McDonald equation and data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS.

NaOH and urea treatments decreased (P<0.01) total phenolic (TP), total tannin (T), condensed tannin of PB and GR decreased (P<0.01) TP, T of PB. Among treatments NaOH decreased TP, TT and CT more than others (%60.43, %80.25 and % 88.89, respectively). Cumulative GP at 96 h varied between 18.76 and 29.13 ml/200 mg DM. The lowest (P<0.01) GP at 96 h observed with NaOH and urea treated PB. Incorporation of 15N into the microbial mass was lowest (P<0.01) in NaOH (0.013 mg) and urea (0.014 mg) in comparison with the control (0.017 mg). Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) expressed as 15N enrichment in microbial mass (15N) per ml of produced gas (G) after 12 h of incubation was highest (P<0.01) for NaOH treated PB (0.049 mg 15N/ml G) followed by control, urea and GR treated PB. NaOH and urea treatments decreased (P<0.01) ME, DOM and SCFA production.

Findings of the present study suggest that although supplementation of PB with NaOH, urea and GR would decrease T, but they decreased gas production and 15N enrichment in microbial mass. Data of the present study showed that the elimination of tannin from PB does not necessarily mean improving its fermentation properties in in vitro.

Lignocellulosic material is important in ruminant rations and because of its cost-effectiveness and effect on optimum rumen performance and its health included in ruminant rations. Although these compounds can be fermentable by many rumen microbes, the presence of proteins, fibers and other edible source nutrients in the feces shows that the rumen ecosystem does not have high efficacy for digestion. Thats way, it seems necessary, the manipulation of the rumen to increase of this performance. Therefore, this study was carried out with the aim of the Investigation of optimization growth of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from gastrointestinal tract of Arabian horse and the effect of transferring to the rumen fluid on the in vitro parameters of gas production and digestibility of wheat straw.

This research was conducted in vitro based on a completely randomized design. The cellulolytic bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract include Paenibacillus polymyxa L11, Paenibacillus polymyxa L12, Enterobacter cloacae L2, and Escherichia coli Z2. At first, optimization of temperature and pH for growth and production of the enzymes of these bacteria was carried out at two temperatures of 25 and 39 ° C and three pHs of 2.5, 7.5 and 6.2. In the next step, these bacteria were transferred to the rumen fluid and gas production parameters and in vitro digestibility of wheat straw were investigated using gas production techniques and two step digestion, respectively. For this purpose, rumen fluid was taken from four sheep. In both methods, rumen fluid was inoculated with bacteria and incubated with wheat straw.

The results showed that Paenibacillus polymyxa L12 had the best growth at 39 ° C and pH 5.2 and had the highest enzyme activity at 39 ° C, pH 5.7 and 24 hours. The optimum temperature and pH for growth of Paenibacillus polymyxa L11 and Enterobacter cloacae L2 were 39 ° C and 6.2. These two bacteria exhibited the highest enzymatic activity at 39° C and pH 6.2, at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Escherichia coli Z2 showed the highest growth at 39 ° C and pH 6.2, but the most enzymatic activity of this bacterium was 39 ° C, pH 5.2 and 48 hours. The isolates reduced the gas production of wheat straw, increased truly degraded organic matter, microbial biomass and microbial biomass efficiency (P<0.05). The highest and lowest potential of gas production was allocated to control and Z2 treatments, respectively. The lowest and highest amount of truly degraded organic matter was related to the control and L11 treatment, respectively. There was no significant difference between partitioning factor, microbial biomass and microbial biomass efficiency of bacterial treatments (P> 0.05), but they were metergent fiber. The control had the least digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber. There was no significant difference for digestibility of acid detergent fiber among L12, L2 and Z2 treatments and control (P> 0.05).

Generally, temperature and pH had an effect on the growth and production of enzymes of isolates. All isolates grew at a temperature of 39 ° C, which is the optimal temperature of the rumen, better than 25 ° C and had more enzymatic activity at 39 ° C. These bacteria were able to improve rumen fermentation and in vitro digestibility of wheat straw. In the bacterial treatments, the fermentation pathway went towards producing less gas and more microbial protein, and the digestibility of nutrients in these treatments increased.

Inert or ineffective fat supplements on rumen activity, have been converted to a common ingredient in rations due to its high energy content and its adaptability in dairy farms. Inert fats on rumen activity usually contain high concentrations of long chain fatty acids, including palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic. Research over the last few years has shown that fatty acids are not just a source of energy, but also, have different metabolic applications in cow body and contributed in various ways in their production. In this study, the effects of two palmitic and stearic saturated fatty acid supplements containing the highest levels of fat supplements are studied in the presence and absence of omega-3.

thirty two dairy cows with more than two parturition were introduced into the experimental design with randomized complete block design with 4 treatments (2 × 2 factorials). Instantly after delivery and kept in individual place for 65 days. The production and milk components of each one were measured. The treatments included: 1) Base diet with 1.5% stearic acid supplement (75%) without omega-3; 2) Base diet with 1.5% stearic acid supplement with omega-3 3) Base diet with 1.5% palmitic acid supplement (75%) without omega-3, and 4) Base diet with 1.5% palmitic acid supplement without omega-3.

The results of this study showed that In comparison of milk production, the interaction of omega-3 and saturated fatty acids on milk production was significant and milk production of cows fed with palmitic acid treatment with omega-3 was highest (50.92) and There was a significant difference with other treatments (P≤0.01), but there was no significant difference between the other treatments (P≤0.01). Dry matter intake of cows fed with stearic acid without omega-3 was highest (24.77) and had a significant difference with other treatments (P≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the three treatments (P≤0.05). In the study of milk components including, fat percentage and total milk fat, the interaction of saturated fatty acids with omega-3 as well as the effect of type of saturated fatty acids were not significant but also, omega-3 effect on fat percentage and total fat was at level 5% and 1% has been significant.

Using the combination of α-linolenic acid with saturated fatty acids, especially palmitic acid, it is possible to increase the production of Holstein cows in fresh cows and early lactation. With the use of stearic acid in the early lactation, the dry matter can be increased by improving of dry matter intake and reducing BCS. Also, with omega-3 consumption, you can improve the percentage and total fat milk of cows during early lactation.