فصلنامه جاده
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 100، پاییز 1398)

Motorcycles can be considered as a special transport mode due to their different size and maneuverability compared to other vehicles. According to the available data, the number of motorcyclists has been increased dramatically in recent years. It could be the result of its associated expenses and facilities: it is cheap and fast! However, the motorcycle riders and passengers are much more vulnerable to injury and death in vehicular crashes because of the lack of protection in the vehicle compartment. Therefore, it has become one of the major concerns of the road authorities to minimize the motorcycle crash count and severity by addressing precise objectives with comprehensive strategies. These measures should approach motorcycle safety from a variety of perspectives. This paper reviews the associated literature and lists various measures including enforcement; engineering and road user’s training. It provides a wide-ranging tool to assist the researchers and planners aiming to enhance motorcycle safety.

Today, the role of rail transport in sustainable development is obvious. Considering the growth rate of world trade, the demand for load handling in this sector and in different distances is increasing day by day. Providing the necessary resources to respond to this growing need is a very important and challenging issue. Proper and timely utilization, as well as the necessary investment in this sector, can be effective in the transportation situation of the country's rail transportation sector. The main objective of this paper is to examine the share of transit in the rail transport sector of the country from regional and international markets. In this research, three scenarios have been defined to investigate the capabilities and transit capacities in the rail transport sector. The assumptions of the first scenario are based on the transfer of the fleet to the private sector (SMGS, TEA). The second scenario is based on contracts that have been signed with China. The third scenario is based on actual data from the average daily  freight wagons movement in the years 1396 and 1397. Then, In order to solve the existing problems and to reduce imbalances in the market share of rail transport between rail, road and marine, recommendations are presented based on optimistic and probable scenarios. These recommendations could lead to the achievement of the goals set out in the Law on Public Transport Development and Fuel Management.

Cities need to take advantage of traffic control policies to address the increasing demand for private car traffic, commercial traffic, public transportation and access to surrounding land uses as well as parking of urban traffic management systems, providing policies and policies such as one-way passages, coupled and individual plans, including Policies are applied to manage urban travel demand by urban management. The city of Sanandaj has been developing and implementing various traffic policies due to its high traffic density in its central part. The present study also evaluates the impact of applying the above policies on various dimensions such as reducing traffic, reducing traffic accidents, traveling time and time, and energy consumption is. The present research is based on the type and nature of Drew in terms of methodology in the field of descriptive-analytic research. The research community estimates traffic accidents and volume traffic congestion. Part of the statistics and information was obtained from the traffic police of Sanandaj and the municipality of this city. Another part was also taken through field observations. Geographic information system (GIS) and neural network analysis model were used for analyzing information. The results indicate that traffic policies have increased the 6250-meter-long route along with a 0.5-liter increase in petrol consumption in the central part of the city of Sanandaj. The results also show that, despite the impact of traffic policies on traffic volumes, this effect is negligible due to the increase in the coefficient of personal car.

Due to the large volume of travel and the increasing importance of travel time for travelers, the design of efficient systems and their routing are of great importance. Designers are faced with a wide range of types of criteria in choosing the optimal route for these systems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effective parameters determining the direction of the BRT and determine the optimal route based on the multi-criteria decision making method. The research method was descriptive-analytic and using questionnaire technique. In the first step, the criteria for affecting bus routing were selected by the first questionnaire and transport experts and, based on the Likert scale, these criteria were prioritized. In the second step, according to the criteria previously obtained, the proposed Routes were given from zero to ten grades. Criteria were weighted with the help of decision-making software based on the AHP model, and the weight of each criterion was determined for each Route. Ten effective measures have been identified in the selection of BRT route, which is the most important criterion for the number of passengers attracted to public transportation in the current situation. The proposed option of the route No. 1 from the hesarak in Shahid Beheshti Street to the Shahid Soltani Terminal and the proposed route Route 2 from the Shahid Soltani Terminal to the Mallard Square were selected. Based on the effective criteria of the best route, the suggested route was considered as Soltani Terminal to Hesarak .

In order to reduce the adverse effects of intersections, intelligent systems and the alignment of lights can be used. The BITS system is a localized version of SCATS and SCOOT systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate of BITS system on traffic and environmental variables. The system was evaluated in both cases of coordinated and isolated signals. Traffic variables include line length, delay time, stop time, travel time, and average speed. Environmental variables include fuel consumption, air pollution caused by carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides, and noise pollution. Prescheduled, intelligent, and coordinated control systems were compared by collecting field data on the traffic flow rate, travel time, and air and noise pollution and simulation in AIMSUN software in three four-way and two three-way intersections in Yazd, Iran. The results showed that all variables were significantly improved in the isolated intelligent control system compared to the isolated prescheduled control system, and the coordinated prescheduled control system performed better than the isolated prescheduled control system. The isolated intelligent control system showed the best traffic and environmental performance. In addition, line length and stop time were the most affected. Compared to other variables, these two could mostly be measured through drivers’ perceptions. According to the above, using BITS intelligent traffic signals and coordinating nearby intersections – the green wave in successive intersections – can prevent the waste of time and national resources. More immediate effects are reduced air and noise pollution, and reduced delay.

In the rail industry, in order to reduce the cost of engineering of interlocking systems, there is a need to simplify the exchange of technical information between shareholders. RailML is an open source IT tool designed to standardize the exchange of data in various rail processes. Lack of standards for data structures and protocols requires the design and maintenance of several interfaces between applications. This approach is inefficient, time consuming and costly. Different requirements and new Interlocking areas impede the complete automation of the engineering design chain. RailML is based on markup language and uses the XML schema to define a new data exchange structure for data interchange between railway applications. In this paper, the RailML Standard markup language is used as the basis and exchange format for formulating the safe routes of the Tehran-Bafgh corridor in Zvaareh station. It can be used to formulate its safe pathways in design and testing.

The safety is one of the important part of traffic engineering and road lighting issue, which aims to achieve a degree of visibility for drivers, so that a quick, accurate, and convenient visibility can be achieved. The driver's visibility can prevent some accidents caused by road traffic at night. In this paper, the linear programming method is used to locate and optimize the lighting system in Ahar - Tabriz, Sarab - Bostanabad and Maragheh - Hashtrood roads. A model was designed based on maximizing the benefit /cost ratio. In order to calculate the savings due to the reduction of accidents by using lighting systems, the approximate average cost of a fatal accident was calculated in the country. Also, the amount required to install the lighting system in different parts was defined. The constraints for this model are the allocated budget for the installation of lighting systems. In order to analyze the model, WinQSB2 software was used to obtain optimal sections for the installation of the lighting system. Based on this research, the ranges of 44 + 500 to 45 + 500 and 54 +500 to 55+500 of Ahar-Tabriz road with a profit ratio of 8.26 and 8.07 in all budget scenarios and segmentation at the top of other components were determined as the optimal sections. The 09 + 500 and 10 + 500 Kilometers of Maragheh-Hashtrood road with a profit ratio of 5.13 was also ranked next.

Transportation, and especially road transport, are among the main pillars of the country's development. Accordingly, the present study evaluates the status and situation of Iran's provinces in terms of road transport development indicators. The method of research is descriptive-analytic with a purposeful purpose. The statistical population of the research is 31 provinces of Iran in 2016. In this research, have been used based on available data, 24 indicators of road transport development in the form of four components of technical and infrastructural, passenger and goods transportation, safety, traffic and intelligent transportation. The Shannon entropy method was used to assign weights to each of the indices, and then the Vikor model was used to rank the provinces and evaluate their status and situation. The results indicate that the provinces of Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin and Hamadan are ranked first in the ranking and the provinces of Kerman, South Khorasan and Sistan and Baluchistan are in the last places of road development indicators. The results of Pearson correlation test indicate that there is a positive relationship between the population with the provinces having and the negative relationship between the area and the distance from the political center of the country (Tehran) with the provinces having the indicators of road transport development.

To ensure the best and most qualitative services in the aviation sector, we need to evaluate the performance of the airports in the country. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance and ranking of international airports of the country, taking into account the cooperation between them using the VFB-DEA technique. It is an applied, quantitative and descriptive research. The framework for assessing airports has been extracted from theoretical foundations and research background. The framework has 4 dimensions, 6 components and 14 indicators that comprise input and output variables for airport assessment, which includes 9 input variables and 5 output variables. The study evaluates nine international airports within the country. Airport information was collected through the company's airports and aeronautical navigation and modeled using Benevolent Virtual Boundary Data Envelopment Analysis (VFB-DEA). The results of this research show the airports' rating on the basis of efficiency and offers suggestions for cooperation between each airport and other airports. Then, research suggestions from researchers for future researchers are presented in the light of the experiences.

Threshold level of skid resistance is a process that is widely used in the pavement management to minimize the measured skid resistance at standard level for activating the maintenance of each section of the pavement with less skid resistance than this threshold. Road accidents during wet weather are a major concern for road engineers in rainy season. Road safety studies show that about 20% of all road accidents occur during wet weather, and resistance to wet roads has a major impact on wet weather accidents. Due to the lack of predictability of the ability to withstand skidding levels under different rainfall patterns, a minimum slip resistance threshold for safe driving in wet climates should be considered. In our country, these thresholds and management methods have not yet been defined. Monitoring the slip resistance of pavement surfaces is an integral part of a typical pavement management system. This paper shows how, using a scientific approach, the minimum threshold of skid resistance in different points of a road network is determined using different methods in the world that have been used so far. It is worth noting that other advanced methods are also used in different countries that are not addressed in this article.

Usually indicators like number of crashes and possible costs related to it are considered for safety assessment while those indicators are not controller and have no effects on safety and sometimes this information are not accessible for understudied area. Therefore, other safety indicators are required for safety control and supervisory which are called surrogate indicators. Vehicle speed is a key factor in road traffic safety. Theme of current paper is identifying effective factors on speed violation as surrogate indicator in intercity roads of Isfahan province by using classification and regression tree (CART) model. Information of vehicle speed and violating road speed limit in 10 intercity roads axis of Isfahan province are gathered by using Robot speed cameras. Also 4 main category of factors affecting speed violation including human, road, vehicle and environmental factors of those roads axis are gathered. Speed violation model has 74.7% of total accuracy. Results indicated that among 4 main categories of factors affecting speed violation, human factors have the most impact on speed violations. Among these human factors, frequency and duration of rests, driver experience level, travel time, driver literacy level, talking on phone while driving and presence of second driver in vehicle have more importance in the model classification improvement. After human factors, road factors are more important than other factors in classification of speed violation in which number of attractive points and volume have the most impact. In contrast to above mentioned factors, vehicle related a factor shows the least importance to model classification.