نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 46 (مهر 1398)

The first and foremost issue in recognizing the deviations of the Salafi-Takfiri groups of the "new generation" (with ISIS as one of the most important groups), is the recognition of their discourse and geopolitical territory. ISIS was made up of a main core and intellectual and ideological foundations; the core of this group was the Iraqi Ba'athis, and its intellectual and ideological foundations were the Salafis who gave it a religious and ideological appearance. With the presence of ISIS in Afghanistan and their hostility to Taliban elements, fears of another terrorist group emerging for different purposes were felt and various security, political and geopolitical threats were posed to neighboring countries, including Iran. Therefore, the present article, using an analytical-descriptive approach and relying on library and electronic resources, examines the security considerations of the Islamic Republic of Iran in opposition to the ISIL group, examines the presence of ISIS in Afghanistan and its impact on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and finally, offers strategies to combat such a risk. The author uses the interconnections of the concepts of the new generation of terrorism and critical geopolitics. The main purpose of ISIL's formation and presence in Afghanistan is to counter the strategic restraint and depth of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Axis of Resistance by using "geopolitics capable of growing new generation terrorism in Afghanistan", which is led by leaders such as the United States, Saudi Arabia, Israel and others.

The shipmaster had numerous responsibilties as the owner of ship, cargo and forwarder. The different aspects of this liability and its span has always chanllenged and demanded an argumentation. Although in marine act1343, has been mentioned about the responsibilities of the commander but by growing nowadays requirements and the development of relationships in recent years, it was essential to recognise some other new obligations regarding the commander duties and engage in the form of amending some rules and initiating some new regulations. In the amendment of marine act has been considered different duties for the commander such as his responsibility regarding the cargo, ship, environment, crew, labour and etc. In this article we will consentrate on obligations and responsibilities of the commander regarding the cargo. The shipment was always one of the main elements on maritime transportation and due to this matter, safe delivery to the destination is the main goal in every voyage. We should consider some related necessities to achieve this goal. The commander has to prepare some of these requirements to prove that he has done the duties. Leaving either of these obligations will impose him some liabilities and finally he will be responsible to compensate the average.

The “One Belt One Road” (OBOR) initiative is both an anticipated opportunity and a potential threat that has led Southeast Asian countries to adopt disparate policies for China. In this study, the history of economic development in the Philippines and the Philippines’ needs for foreign capital are described briefly from both political and economic perspectives. Next, the political and economic risk that OBOR poses to the Philippines is analyzed. The assertion of this study is that future advancement OBOR will be impacted by internal Filipino politics as well as Philippines–United States and Japan–United States relations. How China and the Philippines decrease the perceived threat of the South China Sea issue and improve economic expectations will depend on the interactions between the two countries..

The pluralistic structure of the United States, along with official actors, also considers the role of informal actors important. As one of the most important actors among these actors, think tanks as informal actors have long been influential in the US foreign policy decision-making process, meaning that formal actors are influential in the decision-taking stage, and informal actors, including think tanks and political lobbies, are influential in the decision-making stage. In this study, the role of American think tanks in theory and practice and whether think tanks have had a significant impact on US national security are discussed. At the same time, the main focus of this research is on the network approach to decision making. What this approach addresses is the interconnectedness of different actors in decision making that makes the analysis of the role of think tanks meaningful in this context. These centers consider the following five ways to impact and influence the decision-making process of American foreign policy: First, they provide the decision-makers with different ideas. Second, hey train the experts needed for the body of government or employ former government staff. Third, they provide the ground for important and substantive discussions through conferences, and the presence of experts in television and radio programs. Fourth, by publishing their reports, they align citizens with themselves and guide public opinion in line with established policies. Finally, they serve as centers for anticipating present and future crises and problems and providing solutions for them. In other words, these centers serve as a bridge and a place for a consensus of intellectual and instrumental elites in the United States.

The emergence of restorative justice is the result of one of the developments in criminal justice attitudes and crime-oriented thinking over the past two decades. Restorative justice is a balanced and holistic approach to crime situations and by using means such as mediation, strives to not only provide for the benefit of all victims affected by the crime, but also to provide the grounds for rehabilitation and socialization of the offenders. Realizing the goals of restorative justice requires actors who, while being acquainted with the foundations and goals of restorative justice, also believe in its principles. Undoubtedly, the police, as one of the most important institutions responsible for responding to the criminal phenomenon and as the first institution to refer victims after the crime, play an important role in the implementation of restorative plans. In Community policing prevention of crime, the police, in addition to using the tools defined in the criminal justice system, uses the co-operation and participation of social and governmental institutions to control the perpetrators. The results indicate that the mediating role of the police will reduce the offender's re-tendency to commit crimes by a process-oriented approach and by utilizing the capacities of the local community, with the potential to influence his or her individual and social circumstances. In other words, the more process-oriented the tendency of the police to mediate, the more likely the crime will be prevented, and conversely, the more the police focus on the results and the size of the files, the more likely the crime will be prevented by the offender.

Given their geopolitical position, Iran and Saudi Arabia are among the most important actors in the Middle East that play a major role in the events in the region. Since the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the two have been in serious rivalry with each other for sever ideological conflicts, which has intensified competition in other fields. Relations between the two countries have historically been sinusoidal, and given the recent developments in the region, such as in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, we have witnessed serious rivalries between Iran and Saudi Arabia, because the increase in power of each of these countries in the region will mutually lead to the decrease in the power of the other one. Due to the nuclear agreement between Iran and the P5+1, the ground was set for increased power of Iran in the region, which led Saudi Arabia to take a strong stand against Iran. Given the US withdrawal from the JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action), we are seeing a reduction in Iran's maneuverability on regional issues, and it is clear that Saudi Arabia has played a role in the US withdrawal. This study seeks to answer this question: What is the purpose of Saudi Arabia to pressure the United States to withdraw from the JCPOA? The assumption is also based on the premise that Saudi Arabia's push for US withdrawal from the JCPOA was aimed at preventing the strengthening of Iranian power and thereby reducing Iran's threat to Saudi Arabia. The theoretical framework used in this research is offensive realism and the research method is descriptive-analytical.

In religious doctrines, obedience is especially important in the eyes of the Infallibles, so that true faith is subject to intellectual and practical submission to God and the Prophet of Islam. However, even in the face of infallibility, it has been emphasized that obedience is based on two principles of option and vision and the obedience should not be ignorant and algebraic. But in the management system, regarding the command and subordination relationship between the superior and the subordinate, several theories have been put forward, including contingency theories explaining that there is no single version of management, rather the management is subject to contingencies. This is in some way opposed to the obedience subject to option and vision. This article, in an interpretative way and by analyzing the qualitative content of the verses and narrations, presents the evidence that the obedience is based on option and vision, and presents its infallible patterns, and it seeks to present the view that when it is forbidden for infallibles to commit algebraic and ignorant surrender, this prohibition applies to the non-infallibles as well and it should be considered in the Islamic management, one of its important mundane outcomes being the consolidation of the spiritual and physical discipline of the staff.