فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، تابستان 1398)

This article aims to promote the architectural sustainability of the single-unit residences on the the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, which has had the majority of population growth during the past few years. The need for this study is leading the contemporary architecture of Iran to achieve sustainability. Single-family vernacular residences, which shape the majority of residences in the researched climate, have been assessed from sustainability aspects. The main question of the research is the result of assessing the architectural sustainability of vernacular residences in the hot and humid climate of Iran and proposing a sustainable design checklist. The major research objective is environmental analysis and sustainability assessment of vernacular single-unit residences in the research climate. Accordingly, the research method is based on two levels of theoretical and empirical studies; at the theoretical level, a documentary analysis is carried out to study the research climate, find the most common housing type, and understand GSAS. At the experimental level, 9 vernacular single-family houses, which are currently in use, are assessed by GSAS and a comparative analysis is held among the results. The result is confirming the theory that vernacular houses are sustainable in many aspects and on the northern coast of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea are capable of being iterated. Consequently, their strengths are demonstrated and a checklist is suggested for future sustainable design of single-unit houses in this climate.

High-rise residential buildings in the last decades in terms of contribution and number allocated itself a significant share of housing and shaping to the urban body and can be studied due to the great influence of the urban astronomy on aesthetics. Therefore, the evaluation of aesthetics governing them is expressed as a necessity the main aim is to obtain a clear and accurate perception of the evolution of the aesthetic types of facing high-rise residential buildings as part of the physical dimension of Tehran since 1961 until now. How the evolution of aesthetic types in relation to the design of high-rise buildings is the main question.
Instruments and

Using a descriptive-analytic research method, the high-rise buildings and their shaping process in time periods have been investigated. This information has been gathered in the presence of the site and its registration. The history of the samples was collected by library studies and then evaluated.

The main result of this research is the four aesthetic trends which after the grouping of samples, according to their frequency in decades were obtained. Also, detailed specifications of the trend's characteristics and the position of their formation were obtained. Also, building patterns classify in the form of cubes, the combination of cubes and ziggurat in their tops and species with a variety of volumes and shapes.

We have a flowing process in the appearance of the aesthetic patterns of Tehran's high-rise buildings in accordance with their time and place conditions.

The energy consumption of the buildings is highly dependent on the specifications of its envelope. Windows have a significant effect on the thermal specification of the building envelope, because of their high thermal conductivity and direct solar transmittance. Hence, specifying the best window-to-wall ratio (WWR) is very important in all climates. This study aims to specify the effective variables on optimizing the window-to-wall ratio for the southern façade in Kerman, based on the thermal specifications of the building envelope. The research method is a combination of field surveys and software simulations. In the field survey method, window to south façade ratio of 26 single-spaces in 16 traditional residential and educational buildings in Kerman were measured, drawn, and analyzed. The results showed that the window-to-wall ratio of 5% to 15% had the most frequency in the surveyed samples. In the software simulation method, window and wall heat transfer coefficients were analyzed rather than SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient), and their effects on annual load were determined. Finally, the 30% ratio was specified as the most efficient window-to-wall ratio for the southern façade in Kerman. According to the results, it can be concluded that if the only thermal analysis is considered, the optimum window-to-wall ratio in the southern façade in Kerman is 15% while using the single glazed window; and it is 30% while using the double glazed window if the SHGC is not less than 0.4. The results also revealed a high dependency on the buildings’ annual thermal load to windows’ SHGC. So, finally, modifications were proposed in the 9th appendix of Code 19, to include the SHGC factor.

Optimizing energy consumption in buildings, which includes a large part of the total energy consumed in the country, is very important. The window is also part of the interface inside and outside the building. The purpose of this research is to optimize the opening in the office in Tehran in terms of obtaining enough daylight and reducing energy consumption.

Simulation and optimization of the window performed parametrically in the Grasshopper and analysis of the objectives using the Honeybee and Ladybug plugins. The spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and the Energy Use Intensity (EUI) calculated for proportions and varied window positions in eight variable directions.

The windows on the eastern north rotation and later in the east rotation had the best results. The window to wall ratio was 20% to 28%, with an average length of 6.53 and 0.9 meters, respectively, for the research model, the most ideal response. The distance between the windows to wal and the sillheight were respectively 0.65 and 2.22 meters.

Using modern simulation techniques enables building designers to have more intelligent choices in design with scientific approaches. The repeatable framework presented in this study can be used for buildings with different user positions or proportions, and ultimately enable designers to play an effective role in sustainable development by increasing their design productivity.

soil, plant in playgrounds on children's achievements. Achievements of the presence of the child in the natural environment include nature's ability to promote cultivating skills, enhance mental and cognitive skills, facilitate learning, and rehabilitation of the relationship between child and nature. Meanwhile, later two ones, as factors that are only achieved through the placement of a child in a green environment, is chose to be one of the child's achievements. Although the way through which the child is accessed to these two important issues is explored.

The statistical population of the study consisted of psychologists and parents of children aged 5-12 years old in Tehran who were asked to fill in the questionnaire.

The results indicate that the green approach in the playground has a positive and significant effect on the achievements of children. Results also show that the impact of the designed playground on the achievements of children is more than the impact of the pristine playground on achievements of children.

Despite the presence of the game in the historical experience of mankind and its role in the growth of the child, also considering the impact of children’s attendance in the natural playground, today we can observe a decrease in the quality of playgrounds and ignorance of green approach in playgrounds. The results indicate that the designed playground with a green approach has a significant effect on children’s achievements.

Building skins and facades have an important role in reducing energy consumption. The double skin façade (DSF) as a passive solar system reduces significantly the heating load during cold periods. However, during warm periods or in areas with warm climates, the building’s cooling load increases due to the high temperature of the intermediate cavity. The use of shades is one of the effective approaches to building’s cooling load. The fixed shades block solar beam radiation in winter. On the other hand, movable shading devices can be adjusted in optimal angle to changing outdoor conditions in which more effective control of sky diffuse radiation may be obtained. In this paper, the effects of horizontal and vertical drop-down fixed and movable shades have been investigated on double skin facade energy consumption in office buildings. The office building and parametric modeling of shades are created using Rhino software and Grasshopper plug-in, respectively. A standard office room with the dimensions of 5m×4m and a 3m height and a southward window was examined in the modeling process. The simulation results suggest that movable shades have more efficient function than their fix state. The horizontal moving shade has also the most optimal state and has the lowest annual energy consumption. The total amount of energy consumption in horizontal movable shades, the most optimal option, is 34 % compared to horizontal drop-down fix shade, is 11.87% and 1.37%, respectively, compared to the fix and moving vertical drop-down and is 50.69% more efficient compared to double skin facade without shades.

Attempts to describe what designers do by thinking of designing as a process, has its roots in systems theory. Many of design problems are made-up of heterogeneous elements, when interacting with each other; produce emergent properties, persistence over time, and adapting to changing circumstances. Hence, designers and planners have been widely paying attention to computational thinking. Despite the recent success of computational modeling and simulation methods, many of them remain incapable of illustrating the emergence phenomenon, highlighting interactions between heterogeneous agents and confronting distributed phenomena over time. Therefor in recent years, designers have shifted their focus into agent-based modeling paradigms in order to explain how to deal with such issues and to look at many potential results as options and future predictions. The aim of this paper is to review agent-based modeling, exploring the main applications in architecture and to investigate research gaps. For this purpose 203 related articles during the period from 2001 to 2016 had been surveyed, the following articles were grouped because of their common themes, Then each group explained to provide a better understanding of the prospects ahead for further studies on this modeling paradigm. Examination of the main lines of thought in its applications also indicates that collaborative design is no longer of interest to designers and robots are new and emerging area in this fields.