نشریه هستی و شناخت (نامه مفید)
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 8، پاییز و زمستان 1396)

Sheikh Ishraq is one of the serious critics of the Genus-differentia definition, and in particular the definition upon essence. in his works, he introduces two different ways to define objects. In the first place, the definition of the beings require definition (compounds), upon their attributes and their properties (in his words, simples), and in the second, the definition upon conceptual essentials. Theory of Definition upon simples consists of seven components. In this paper, by analyzing these components, we explain the definition upon simples and some of its deficiencies. For Suhrawardi, the definition that does not lead to concepts derived from intuition (including sensory and supra-spiritual) is not knowledgeable. In view of Sheikh Ishraq the perception that belongs to accidents and, in his sense, the sensory simles, is intuition and the supernatural beings are the supernatural intuitions. In his view, the obvious presentations that other presentations should lead them are presentations derived directly from intuitive knowledge

One of the issues raised in the discussion concerning the nature of cognitive of science of knowledge, especially, in the discussion of the status and classification of knowledge, is the relation of the sciences to the general knowledge contained therein, or to other words how to apply the general knowledge to the subsidiary sciences. In Farabi's view, this discussion is particularly important in relation to the practical philosophy and its underlying knowledge; because unlike other philosophers, Farabi considers practical philosophy not as several sciences but as one science, and wherever he divides practical philosophy into two classes, he refers to these two classes, not as two types of the famous types of practical philosophy that is ethics, domestic politics and politics. The present article focuses on this issue, and after addressing Farabi's statements on the types of knowledge and the type of relationship of knowledge in terms of unity, multiplicity, and how multiple sciences relate to one another, examines Farabi's view of the nature of practical philosophy and its relation to the knowledge of its subsets.

Environmental crisis covers all areas of the planet and getting rid of this requires participation of all humans to protect the environment. This participation is not possible without an agreement on universal norms in environmental ethics. But, given the cultural diversity and schools difference in worldviews and foundations of ethics, the key question is “how to achieve this agreement?”.The main claim of this research is that the idea of “overlapping consensus” can be used to achieve this agreement. Based on this idea, universal norms in environmental ethics should be formulated in a way that their justification is not depended on the specific aspects of religious traditions, comprehensive scientific, philosophical, and moral belief-systems and followers of them by reason accepted in their tradition and belief-system can agree on these norms. Therefore, This thesis attempts to show that this consensus is possible about the “moral necessity of respect for nature” among the supporters of theory of “respect for nature”, which is a fundamental and secular theory in environmental ethics, and Muslims.

Plato and Plotinus, both as the two of the most influential philosophers of the classical period, had special attention to intuition. Given the different approaches to the different philosophical issues that they have, it requires us to doubt their unique visions upon intuition. The exact matter of the present paper is to consider what it means “intuition” to each of these two philosophers? By what method to be achieved? What are its characteristics and what things belong to? The response to the question, which will be clear in the end, is that the intuition for both of them is an immediate awareness that is happening to human intellect; though both Plato and Plotinus, in order to achieve intellectual intuition, recommend activities to the seekers which are primarily of two types of intellectual practice and self-purification activities. In addition, in the end, we will be led to the conclusion that, regardless of significant differences between the two philosophers on the philosophical line and the way they interpret the issues, they both apply the intuition in a single meaning that can be achieved with respect to both theoretical and practical aspects.

The French phenomenology philosopher, Maurice Merlou-Ponty fellow of earlier phenomenology philosophers thoughts about Human Perception, said Being and living are the most important ways to understanding Universal. Merleu -Ponty used term “lived body” to explain how our body connected with nature.in Merleu -Ponty thoughts body doesn’t mean just physical body, it means whole body: physical body and Mind.His thoughts made way for next philosophers like postmodern philosophers, and Transhumanists in past years. Transhumanism is a new philosophy that talk about future of human and Art. In this philosophy biological human body combined with technology and makes humans new life. According of this philosophy, human life enhanced by new technology and Man can live for long time. This research is about Meloru ponty body’s intention and human perception. What’s his influence on artificial intelligence and future of body human, the body that not be only zero one anymore? And what’s the position of living body in Transhumanists thoughts?

Gadamer's hermeneutics strategy motifs influenced by Greek philosophy, particularly Platonic dialogues and conversations.But while Plato believes the Truth can be achieved through of the dialectic method according to Gadamer Truth Despite achieved through of the dialectic can not be achieved through method .In this article we will try to by Gadamer's hermeneutics to pay be affected through from Plato and He shared the points and differences with Plato