پژوهشنامه اصلاح گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 31 (پاییز 1398)

The North of Iran, especially the province of Mazandaran supplies a large portion of Iran's consumer rice. During the growing season of rice, yield components are affected by environmental conditions and the actual yield of a cultivar will depend on its genotype and response to environmental conditions. In this study to identify stable genotypes, 11 promising lines of rice along with their parents (Deilamani, Sepidrood, Sange-Tarom and Neda) were planted in three different regions of Mazandaran Province, namely Sari Agricultural sciences and natural resources university, the Rice Research Institute of Mazandaran in Amol and the Rice Research Station of Chaparsar, Tonekabon. Based on AMMI analysis, environment, genotype and their interaction had significant effect on yield and explained 27.58%, 30.32% and 21.93%, of the total variation respectively. According to AMMI biplot analysis, Neda and Line 5had specific adaptability to Amol region, Line 117 to Sari, and Sepidrood and Line 48 were specifically adapted to Tonekabon. Based on the results, line 117 with an average yield of 6 t ha-1 was the most stable genotype that could be recommended for all of the studied regions.

Providing the main food for people in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, bread wheat is considered one of the most important crop plants in the world. The present study was aimed to assess the genetic diversity and the relationship between morphological and agronomic traits under normal and drought stress conditions among thirty-five wheat genotypes. A split-plot in RCB consisting of three replicates was carried out. The morphological and agronomic traits, which were measured, included plant height, awn length, spike length, leaf length, internode length and number of nodes, number of tillers, number of leaves, number of spikelets per a spike, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per plant, grain yield, 100 grain weight and biological yield. And phonological traits containing of number of days to germination and heading were calculated too. According to anova, there were statistically significant differences among various wheat genotypes for the all of traits evaluated. Correlation coefficients among traits demonstrated that in normal conditions, there was a positive correlation between grain yield and spike length, spike weight, number of nodes, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike and number of spikes per plant. However, under stress conditions, grain yield showed a positive correlation with spike weight, number of nodes, number of leaves, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike and number of spikes per plant. In regression analysis, the four variables entered the model in normal conditions, included 100 grain weight, number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike and awn length. And the six variables under stress conditions which have been entered the model contained number of grains per spike, number of spikes per plant, spike weight, 100 grain weight and leaf length. Path analysis revealed that under normal and stress conditions, 100 grain weight and spike weight had the highest role in increasing grain yield, respectively. In the analysis of the main components, the three main factors justify 77/5٪ of the total variation in normal condition.According to the results, the genotype D1(genomeAA(and Sabalan cultivar,which in all their high performance conditions,can be recognizwd as the most tolerant.

Achillea is an important medicinal plant with many properties and applications which has distributed in different geographical regions of Iran. In this study, the characteristics of growth, essential oil percentage and ecological factors of four different Yarrow species included (A. setacea), (A. biebersteinii), (A. tenuifolia) and (A. wilhelmsii) were evaluated in order to better understanding the characteristics of different Yarrow species. Plant sampling was done at flowering time and 13 morphological traits of the species with ecological characteristics were evaluated. The essential oil was extracted from dried plants by using Klevenger's apparatus for four hours. Analysis of variance showed that there was variation among studied species in terms of traits studied. The species of A. setacea was superior and difference in terms of height, main stem circumference, leaf length, leaf width; the species of A. wilhelmsii was superior in terms of stem number, inflorescent number, leaf number. According to the cluster analysis the species were divided into two distinct groups. Correlation between traits showed that there was a significant correlation between some morphological traits and morphological traits with soil. Essential oil yields varied from 0.52 to 0.82%. Based on these results, the species of (A. setacea) and (A. wilhelmsii) were better in terms of growth and yield characteristics; also (A. wilhelmsii) was better in essential oils yield. Introduced plants of this research can be used in pharmaceutical, food and perfume industries and introduced for breeding programs.

Compatibility and stability assessment of plant cultivars under various environments are of particular interests in crop breeding programs. In this study, stability of 17 spring oilseed rape promising lines was evaluated using GGE biplot analysis. The experiments were carried out in warm southern regions (four locations) of Iran in a randomized complete block design with three replications and in two growing seasons.  The results of GGE biplot analysis indicated G12 is the most stable genotype in two locations where the G14 is stable in other two locations. However, according to average tester coordinate criteria G12 is the most stable genotype across average test environment representing the highest yielding genotype among all investigated genotypes and environments. Based on the mean yield and Shukla Stability Index, as well as Superiority Index, G12, G14 and G18 genotypes are recommended for all warm regions of the country.

Identification and selection of appropriate breeding methods and use of correct and applicable selection criteria for introducing resistant cultivars to water deficit stress is very important. In order to study the inheritance of physiological and agronomical traits in wheat, 50 F3 lines along with parents and F1 generations in a randomized complete block design with three replications under normal and water deficit conditions for two consecutive years were examined. The results showed that there are significant differences between and within the F3 families for all traits in two environments. So there is a lot of genetic variation for these traits. Gene effects in two different humidity conditions did not change significantly, and the genetic component of diversity in all traits in two environments was much larger than that of environmental diversity. In 100 grain weight, plant height, spike length, number of grain per spike, number of spikelets per spike and grain diameter in both environmental conditions, the result of narrow since heritability shows a moderate level indicating a greater role of additive variance in controlling of these traits, therefore, for improving of these traits, selection can be done in early generations. Grain yield per plant in both environmental conditions, showed high broad since heritability but low narrow since heritability, which indicates that, inheritance of this trait under genetic control, but it is not controlled by additive effects and, on the contrary, dominance effects play important role in controlling of it.

Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses worldwide that affects growth, development and final yield of crops. In order to evaluate the different genotypes of rapeseed under water stress conditions, an experiment carried out as a split-plot design based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Three irrigation levels were applied in main plot included: non water stress, water stress from flowering stage and water stress from pod formation stages to growth of the seed and 14 different genotypes was in the sub factor. The results showed that there was a significantly variation among the genotypes based on the different traits studied at different levels of water stress. Water deficit stress reduced all studied traits except the harvest index. The cluster analysis of different genotypes of rapeseed based on UPGMA method at different levels non-stress, water stress from flowering stage and pod formation stage, distinguished genotypes in 3, 4 and 4 groups, respectively. In principal component analysis two factors was found at all levels of water stress, which had an eigenvalue higher than one. Pod length, pod area, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, absolute growth rate, grain yield and harvest index at all stress levels were the highest factor load in the positive direction (1% level). In water stress at flowering stage level, grain yield showed significant correlation with all traits except plant height and number of actual pods to potential. The results of the experiments showed that in non-stress conditions, L155(3929 ha-1), L14 (3947 ha-1), HL2012 (3952 ha-1) and WPN6 (4159 ha-1) genotypes had suitable yields, but under water stress conditions at flowering stage WPN6 (2156 ha -1), L155 (2158 ha -1), SW102 (1983 ha-1), L14 (2174 ha-1) and HL3721 (2136 ha-1) genotypes and under water stress at the pod formation stages, the genotype HL2012 (3295 ha-1) had a significantly higher grain yield than that of other genotypes.

Success in a breeding program and selection programs depends on two factors of genetic diversity and effective selection of desirable genotypes. Therefore, studying the genetic diversity for traits and the use of this diversity is important for genetic improvement of the traits. In order to study the genetic diversity of yield and its components and some of the morphological and phonological traits, and to identify the important factors affecting yield, 91 new imported sesame genotypes with 3 checks ( Naztakshakhe, Oltan and Yellow-white) were studied in an augmented design and six blocks in Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute, Karaj, Iran, in 2016. The studied genotypes showed good diversity for most of the traits, because the studied genotypes were from different geographic regions. Traits of number of capsules per branch, seed yield per plant, number of branches and total number of capsules per plant had the highest phenotypic variation coefficient. The results of factor analysis showed that six factors explained 82.7% of the data variation. These factors were named according to the traits that were included under the titles of performance characteristics and its components, capsule characteristics, phonological properties, seed quality characteristics, height factor and germination strength factor. The evaluated genotypes were classified into five groups based on cluster analysis for all evaluated traits. The results of cluster analysis showed that the grouping of genotypes were not related to geographical distribution of genotypes and most genotypes were grouped based on morphological differences. Canonical Discriminate Function via Fisher's linear method was able to confirm 95.7 percent of the validity of clustering analysis result. The four functions explained about 100% of variances among genotypes. In general, it can be concluded that new imported genotypes of sesame have a good variation for most traits and this variety can be used in breeding programs. In summary,  Margo, Bukbak, Black chil sung, Q21115 (shattering selection) and Jungkyung genotypes have a good potential for increasing grain yield and can be used in future breeding programs.

Due to the fact that drought is known as one of the most important factors limiting the growth and production of crops. Identification of tolerant drought stress genotypes is essential. The present study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of bean genotypes and the effects of different levels of drought stress on some of their physiological traits and their chlorophyll fluorescence to different levels of drought stress. This study was carried out in a factorial experiment using randomized complete block design with drought stress (100%, 75%, 50% and 25% field capacity) in a research greenhouse in university of Tehran. According to the results, applying severe stress caused a decrease in the relative water content of the leaves, but the content of the electrolyte leakage and the leaf temperature of the samples were increased. On the other hand, leaves vegetation, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm increased with gentle stress compared to control (75% capacity), but severe stresses showed a significant decrease in these traits. Also, F0 increased in severe stresses. The highest leaf vegetation, Fv/Fm, Fm and Fv, as well as the lowest leaf temperature and electrolyte leakage content were related to COS-16 and D81083 genotypes at all levels of stress, respectively. Accordingly, COS-16 and D81083 genotypes were recognized as tolerant and semi-tolerant genotypes for drought stress. Also, the results showed that drought stress had a negative effect on bean genotypes, but the magnitude of these damages was different due to differences in genotypes.

In this study, in order to evaluate important nutritional traits such as antioxidant activity, phenol, carotenoid, soluble and insoluble carbohydrates and iron and zinc contents, 35 different genotypes of rice were selected from native and foreign genotypes and evaluated in completely randomized design in 3 Repeats. The results of cluster analysis, rice genotypes classified in three groups that grouping accuracy obtained 94.3 percent by discriminant analysis.In this grouping, according to mean of each group and percentage of deviation from total mean, appropriate and inappropriate groups were identified and the least similarity was observed between groups two and three, which showed the difference between this two groups, the third group with Fajr, Gharib, Onda and IR64724-67-2-1-2-2R genotypes most appropriate and the second group with genotypes such as Amol 2, Danesh, Sadri, Mosa Tarom and Sepidrud inappropriate for nutritional value were identified in this study. Therefore, it suggested that these two groups can be used to select parents in breeding and hybridization programs.In factor analysis, four main and independent factors were identified that contributed 76.605 percent of total variances. The first factor with 27.542 percent of total variances was named as carbohydrate and zinc factors and the second, third and fourth factors with 18.169, 16.148 and 14.745 percent were named as phenol, antioxidant activity and iron factors, respectively.

In order to determine the relations between different characteristics with grain yield of rice, five lines and four testers along with their progenies were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications and planted at the research field of rice research institute of Iran. Analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference among genotypes in all of studied traits. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients showed that number of filled grains (0.68) in panicle and panicle fertility percentage (0.68) has the positive and significant correlation with yield. Results of stepwise regression showed that the traits including number of filled grains in panicle, number of days to complete panicle, panicle fertility percentage and number of grains in panicle explained 87.5 percent of grain yield variation. Path analysis showed that the number of days to complete panicle (0.83) has the highest phenotypic direct effect and the number of filled grains in panicle (0.703) has the highest genotypic direct effect on grain yield. It is recommended that genetic selection for genotypes with higher grains yield could be done with indirect selection for number of grains in panicle at the first step and then for the number of days to complete panicle and number of filled grains in panicle. Due to the proper characteristics of IR76687-22-1-3-2-5 including the high number of grains in panicle, the high number of filled grains in panicle, the high fertility percentage, the number of days to complete panicle and also the high yield, is recommended to conduct the yield comparison and adaptability experiments in different years and locations.

Daenensis thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak) is one of the important medicinal plant that belongs to the family Labiatae. The leaves and flowering branches of this plant has a number of important compounds such as Thymol, Carvacrol, Btaptyn and Parasymyn. The present study was performed in order to determine the optimum of plant growth regulators (auxin and cytokinin) for production of in vitro plantlet using apical bud and hypocotyl explants. The seeds after sterilization were germinated on MS medium. The explants were cultured on the medium containing various concentrations of BAP and Kin for study of in vitro micropropagation. Hypocotyl explants were cultured on the medium containing various combinations of BAP and NAA for callus induction and shoot regeneration. In study of micropropagation, the mean comparison showed the highest number of shoot, leaf and bud obtained in MS medium containing 2.5 mg l-1 Kin in the apical explants. In study of regeneration, the mean comparison showed the highest percentage of shoot regeneration and mean of shoot number were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg l-1 BAP + 0.6 mg l-1 NAA in hypocotyl explants. Overall, Kin was most effective plant growth regulator on micropropagation and comination of BAP and NAA had most effect on regeneration of Daenensis thyme.

HSP90 protein is an ATP-dependent molecular chaperone that is evolutionarily conserved in bacteria to higher eukaryotes. In plants, HSP90s are required for control of normal plant growth and development, as well as immune responses to environmental stimuli. Although there are several studies explaining the physiological role of HSP90s in plants, our understanding of their stress response molecular mechanisms, their roles as molecular chaperones, and their molecular interactions with other clients and co-chaperones is still unclear. Therefore the present study aimed to performed a comprehensive analysis of the HSP90 gene family in halophyte plant Aeluropus littoralis. Subcellular localization analysis showed that four identified AlHSP90 gene were localized in different subcellular compartments. Based on different bioinformatics tools, 45 HSP90 homologus genes were identifed from Arabidopsis, rice, maize, soybeen and Brachypodium distachyon species. 49 genes of HSP90 were phylogenetically clustered into three major groups. Gene structure and motif composition revealed that these genes were relatively conservative in each group, suggesting that members of the same group may also have conserved functions. Based on RNA-seq data, AlHSP90.4 gene localized in cytoplasm with expression levels of 1.3 was expressed more in root tissue under salinity stress and recovery. The least expression level was observed in AlHSP90.3 gene localized in ER in root tissue under salinity stress and recovery. The findings of this study reveal the functional characteristics of the AlHSP90 genes and provide basic information for future research on the their biological functions.

Chickpea (Cicerarietnum) as the third most important grain legume in the world is not only an important source of feed but also improve soil fertility by adding nitrogen. This study was aimed to assess the variability of morphological trait, to estimate PCV, GCV, heritability, and expected genetic advance of quantitative traits of Chickpea. The genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block design with two replications. PCA analysis showed first four factors justified almost near to 78.3 percent variance among studied characters. Cluster analysis via Ward method classified all enotypes in three groups and the highest genetic distance wasobserved between cluster 1 and cluster 3. It is shown that the seed yield (0.88) trait has the highest PCV and GCV. The highest heritability was found for 100- seed weight (0.88), number of day to flowering (0.83) and plant height whereas high heritability coupled with high genetic advance was found for seed yield. So seed yield can be the most important criteria for selection parental lines in breeding programs. Also in regard to the highest genetic distance between cluster 1 and cluster 3, genotypes of two clusters could be used for intercrossing to develop improved cultivars.

To evaluate the effect of different environments on grain yield, 25 genotypes of safflower along with one control namely Kouse were studied in three locations (Tehran, Birjand and Isfahan) and three years (from 2015 to 2017), in each using a completely randomized block design with three replications. The results obtained from AMMI analysis demonstrated that the main effects of genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction were highly significant. The first four principal components justified around 83% of the sum of squares of the interactions, and explained 40%, 19%, 13% and 9% of variances, respectively. Drawing the biplot of the first principal component and the average yield for genotypes and environments suggested that genotypes including Kouse, E2417, PI-250537 with higher than average yields and desired stability were selected. Biplot of the first two principal components showed that the interaction between genotypes Kouse, Hartman and PI-250537 were identified as genotypes with good compatibility.  Based on GGE Biplot method, two main components of the spatial regression models explained about 96% of grain yield variability. Biplot of relevance between environments confirmed the existence of almost identical reaction between genotypes in both locations including Isfahan and Tehran, but genotypes in Birjand showed a different reaction than these two environments. Based on the polygonal figure, genotypes including A2 in Birjand and Hartman in Isfahan as well as Tehran had a higher degree of narrative compatibility and performance stability. Genotype of Hartman and Isfahan location were the most ideal genotype and environment compared to other genotypes and environments.

Barley spot blotch, caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is an important barley disease which causes extensive grain yield losses. . In order to understand the inheritance of resistance to the disease, an experiment was conducted using seven barley genotypes in partial diallel crosses. Parents and F1 crosses were planted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The severity of disease was recorded as the first signs of disease and then AUDPC was calculated. D and H components showed that both additive and dominance effects are effective in controlling the traits. Dominant alleles led to a reduction in the severity of disease and increased resistance to spot blotch disease. 67/110 and sahra genotypes have negative GCA and can take advantage of them as promising parents in breeding programs for resistance to the disease.

Study of biochemical reactions of wheat cultivars to salinity stress can lead to identification of effective mechanisms for salinity tolerance. To determine the ion distribution pattern in wheat, also the effects of salinity stress and ion distribution on grain yield, this study was carried out. This research was down in a factorial experiment with two levels of salinity and six tolerant and sensitive wheat cultivars in two replications at research field of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman on growing season of 2011-2012. The concentration of sodium (Na +), potassium (K +), magnesium (Mg2 +) ions and Na + / K + ratio in different tissues of the plant, including flag leaf, spike and root, and grain yield of each plant, were measured. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effects of salinity on the cultivars were significant in most of the traits. The concentration of sodium ions from the roots to the shoots was significantly decreased. With increasing salinity, K + concentration in root of all cultivars decreased significantly. Magnesium concentrations in leaf, spike and root decreased in salinity treatment compared to normal treatment. There was a significant difference between the cultivars in terms of Na+ / K+ ratio in all tissues and Moghan3 cultivar with the highest ratio in spike and root and Arta cultivar with the highest amount in flag leaf, were statistically in one group and other cultivars in the other group. According to the results of simple phenotypic correlation analysis, the sodium ion content in leaf, spike and root tissues had the highest and negative correlation with grain yield per plant. Regarding the reduction of wheat grain yield under salt stress conditions, ion distribution regulation in different ways, including selection of tolerant and resistant cultivars against ionic changes, can be effective in reducing the damage caused by salinity stress.

Abiotic stress such as drought and salinity stresses calculated as important problem in arid and semi-arid regions which having negative impacts on the growth and development of plants. In addition to toxicity effect of salinity stress, it causes drought stress. In this research, for selection of salinity tolerant lines of sunflower using physiological indices, a sunflower germplasm including 100 inbred lines were inspected under both normal and salinity (6 ds/m2) state. Experiment was done in pots which arrayed considering factorial experiment based on complete randomized design with three replications in outdoor conditions. The results showed the significant effect of salinity on seed yield, relative water content, Na+, K+ and K+/Na+ ratio. The effect of genotype was significant on net photosynthesis and chlorophyll content in addition to above mentioned traits. Mean value of studied characters except of sodium concentration were reduced under salt stress compared to normal. In this research, most reduction was observed in K+/Na+ ratio (47.49%), K+ (23.08%) and grain yield (13.84%) and the lowest reduction was observed in chlorophyll content (1.34%) and leaf relative water content (2.67%). Regarding response of the studied lines against salinity stress, inspected germplasm was separated into three groups. Cluster mean comparisons using Tukey test in salinity stress conditions revealed that the highest and lowest mean of traits were observed in clusters II and III, respectively. Recombinant inbred lines including C61, C34, C134a and C153 showed the highest values for most of studied traits specially for K+ content and K+/Na+ ratio. Potassium and potassium/sodium ratio in plant are one of the important criteria for determining salt tolerance; therefore, these lines are potentially introduced as salt tolerant lines.

Introduction a new varieties of rice with higher yield potential is one of the major goals of breeders. Stability evaluation of the varieties and estimation of the genotype by environment interactions effect should be performed in a conventional variety program. In this research, 16 promising rice genotypes (six lines introduced, eight parental genotypes and two genotypes as control) in two regions of Amol and Sari during 2013-2014 were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications for quantitative traits stability. Grain yield at the end of the season and the other traits were measured at their proper time. Results of combined analysis of variance for yield in two locations and two years, as well as interactions effect between years and locations were very significant.According to this results, it was concluded that in the genetic and environmental conditions of this experiment, the results of different methods of stability analysis in determination the stability of genotypes in most cases were largely similar.Finally, based on the stability parameters, three genotypes including1, 13 and 3 with average of grain yield 5906.66, 5011.5 and 4463.33 kg/ha, respectively were identified as the most stable and consistent genotypes. Also, the regression method showed the general adaptation of these genotypes to all environmen.

Due to the importance of increasing the yield and complexity and the effect of this trait on environmental impacts and lack of water resources, the present study aims to study the relationship between yield and its components, analysis of correlation coefficients between traits and determination of the most important traits in rice yield in two conditions without stress and Drought stress was used to identify the effective indices for improving the grain yield of rice on foreign rice germplasms in two different conditions in the Latis design at Gonbad-e-Kavas University. The results of analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between genotypes for all traits. A simple correlation between traits showed that grain yield in irrigated condition had the highest positive correlation with grain weight trait and then with main panicle weight trait. In drought stress condition, grain yield had the highest correlation with filled grain weight, filled grain number and harvest index. In order to investigate and determine the causal relationships of traits entered into the regression model with each other and with the yield s, path analysis was performed and it was determined that the highest direct and positive effects on grain yield in irrigated and stress conditions were related to the grain weight. Cluster analysis, the Ward method was categorized genotypes into four distinct groups in both conditions without stress and stress. In this research, two traits of filled grain weight and number of fertilized tillers had the highest direct relation and the lowest negative correlation was obtained through other traits with grain yield. Therefore, these two traits can be introduced as an indirect selection criterion for grain yield.

The objective of this study was to determine genotype × environment (GE) interaction and yield stability of ten cotton genotypes. The trials were conducted at randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications at six locations during 2014-2015 cropping seasons. Combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant difference among genotypes (G), environment (E) and genotype × environment interactions (GE) for yield, boll weight, boll number, earliness index and monopod branches number. The K8802 performed high yielding genotype (3691 kgh-1) followed by NSK847, SKSH-249, BC-244 and GKTB-113. According to yield, stability parameters and adaptability analysis, the NSK847, SKSH-249 and GKTB-113 were ideal genotypes with broad adaptability. Specific adaptation genotypes (e.g. K8802) are ideal for maximizing yield and yield stability in stress conditions. Stability parameters similarity for genotype selection ranged from 67 to 100 percent. Significant relationships were found between yield and stability parameters (except for regression coefficient, bi). Finally, our results recommend the NSK-847 for release as commercial cultivar followed by GKTB-113 and SKSH-249 in cotton breeding program of Iran.