فصلنامه بهبود مدیریت
پیاپی 44 (تابستان 1398)

This paper attempts to provide an analysis of the trend of innovation in Iran's air combat regime, focusing on UAV technology and according to the changes of landscape and air combat regime-based on manned aircraft during the 1340-90 decades. For this purpose, the theory of social-technical systems and the strategic niche management approach is used. The research strategy is a case study, its purpose is descriptive, based on historical analysis of events and its qualitative approach. Data collection tools include studying documents, conducting interviews, and the writer's life experience in order to create a chain of observations. Analyzing the changes of this system in the five historical periods, it was discovered that the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution and then the imposed war and the limits of the air combat regime-based on manned aircraft in meeting the operational demands have led to the formation of a UAV niche and its development. At present, UAV technology is at the take-off phase, following the predevelopment phase (pre-Islamic revolution to the end of war) and development (from 1367-1388). The development of expectations, the expansion of the network of actors, the creation of a space for testing technological achievements, and the development of learning in the niche, has led to the development of UAV technology and its penetration and diffusion into the air power regime. However, deepening and embedding it in this system, as a complementary technology alongside manned aircraft, requires the adoption of policies and measures.

Operational capabilities create competitive advantages in organizations. So, it's important to know how to create these capabilities in organizations. This paper examines aspects and results of quality capability as one of the main operations capabilities of the pharmaceutical companies in Iran and how it is formed. By conducting a multiple case studies in three pharmaceutical companies in Iran and analyzing it, the findings of this research indicate that there are four main factors in creating quality in such companies. The first and most basic factor is the internal resources of company especially those that have the characteristics of the theory of resource-based-view (RBV). The second factor is the factors associated with the operations management that have influenced the formation of quality, the next factor is the impact of international cooperation on the creation of quality capability in pharmaceutical companies, and ultimately the organization's environment has been considered as an external factor contributing to the creation of quality capability. The results of this study were compared with the findings of previous studies in the literature review, which resulted in the validity of these findings based on previous theories

Undertaking innovation in developing countries and transition towards knowledge-based economy is difficult without government intervention; necessity of balance between supply- and demand-side policies, the need for holistic view and the interconnections between government policy instruments has increased the complexity of interventions. Globally, statistics on scientific growth and outcomes of innovation show that there has been no balanced improvement in various dimensions of STI policies in Iran. Leading countries have been able to put this balance in place with a concept called policy mix. This paper tries to propose a policy mix to overcome these complexities and suggests suitable policy instruments via integration policy mix, system failures and multi-criteria decision-making methods. Our results indicate that the most important pragmatic policy actions for development and use of knowledge-based products in each category of system failure are issues such as establishing the necessary infrastructure and setting standards for quality assurance, transparency of government knowledge-based demand, designing and implementing a technology learning system, increasing investment of large firms in R&D, diversification of financial services for funding knowledge-based firms, using foreign investment in favor of improving local technological capabilities of big domestic firms. To implement these actions, 15 tools are proposed in a policy mix which were discussed and finalized by focus group method and semi-structures interviews.

The governance of the STI policy covers a wide range of practices and activities related to complex interactions among different actors in order to converge the conflicting interests in the policy process. Since the concept of innovation is horizontal, inter organizational, and inclusive, and also is known as a result of complex interactions and the evolution of actors, their institutions and their relations, and because of the extension of its scope from science and technology to other policy areas such as education, health, Agriculture and industry, the study of governance in STI policy seems essential. In this article, Iranian innovation policy making governance during 1990 – 2017 is studied by historical data mapping method. Generally, four main stages for STI policy making can be defined: First stage includes attention to horizontal coordination and higher education quantitative development according to human resource based approach to scientific progress. In the second stage, focusing on policy coherence in science,technology, innovation and institutionalization for them. The third stage includes focusing on integrated planning and monitoring & innovation horizontal policies. Finally, in the fourth stage, understanding the importance of policy intelligence & learning and focusing on deployment of technology in different parts of Iran economy. Totally, during these four stages, network governance impact on STI policies from higher education to other parts of Iran economy is significantly emphasized. However, there are some challenges in this category such as overlap between different institutions and policies, inadequate policy intelligence and policy learning and non-optimal evolution of governance.

According to the literature, the process of development and improvement of the cluster is dependent on complete cognitive studies prior to the implementation of the cluster, which leads to the identification and resolution of problems and facilitates constraints that prevent the achievement of productivity in the cluster. This study carried out a field study using a phenomenographic approach to identify problems and cluster constraints of carpet industry in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The study cluster includes many number of private and public companies involved in this field, known as beneficiaries, and more than 6,000 workforce and weavers. Phenomenographic analysis shows that, in terms of beneficiaries, structural and behavioral social problems, cluster activities limit the achievements of the achievement. In addition, the constraints of the province in the successful implementation of the cluster have caused difficulties at higher levels. Finally, the study ends with the presentation of the outcome space and applied concepts and studies.

In spite of implementing widespread change programs to promote the banking system, from the law for usury free banking to privatization, banking system inefficiency is still one of the most important economic challenges in the country. Basic assumption of mechanism design theory to explain this failure is existence of destructive conflicts in the system. The purpose of this study is to diagnosis of these conflicts and to propose of approaches to resolve them. Therefore, a graph model, with a holistic view, developed to describe the behavior of main players in the banking system and analyzed its equilibrium states. The results showed that the existence of conflicts is one of the most important causes of inefficiency of the system in performing its expected functions. Main drivers of the conflicts are deviation in relative prices due to the Dutch disease and myopic in decision making in macro and middle levels of governance of the system. In this study, Inverse GMCR method was used to investigate the institutional functions required to conflict resolution. The results showed that monetary policy maker independence from government, reduction of government budget dependence on oil, clarification of life cycle costs (LCC) of macroeconomic policies, approaches to resolve these conflicts. Whatever country fails in implementing above approaches to correct deviation in relative prices, central bank should use its governance power more to control market forces in the banking system.