نشریه سلامت اجتماعی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (زمستان 1398)

Vitamin D plays a significant role in the regulation of immune responses, as low levels of vitamin D are associated with faster progression of HIV infection to the third stage of AIDS. Total lymphocyte count is an appropriate laboratory index for determining the progression of AIDS. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D on the total lymphocyte count (TLC) and white blood cells (WBC) count among patients with HIV/AIDS.

This clinical trial was conducted with participation of 66 HIV/AIDS patients in the consultation center for behavioral problems in the city of Varamin in Tehran Province in Iran who were categorized into two groups including intervention and control and in three stages including before intervention, three and six months after intervention. The selection of the participants in both groups was randomized, and the information gathering was done through interviewing based on the study questionnaire. A 50,000-unit-vitamin D3-Pearl was administered monthly for the intervention group. Three and six months after the intervention, the TLC and WBC count were determined. Data were analyzed by using Independent T-Test. Data analysis was computed by using SPSS software version 20. P<0.05 was considered significant.

The mean (SD) age of intervention group was 36.9 (2.0) and control group 36.2 (2). Prior to intervention, no significant differences were observed in the mean (SD) TLC among the intervention group and control group: 2359.1 (166.8) vs. 2354 (151). However, three month after vitamin D administration, the mean (SD) TLC in the intervention group was significantly more than the control group: 2447 (167.1) vs. 2141 (110.1), P=0.01. Six month after administration, no significant differences were observed in the mean (SD) TLC among the intervention group and control group: 2402.6 (169.8) vs. 2045.5 (104), P=0.03. No significant differences were observed in the mean (SD) WBC count among the intervention group and control group prior to intervention, three months, and six months after intervention: 6099.6 (1943.5) vs. 6316.2 (1631.7), 6035.8 (1586.7) vs. 6158.4 (1486.8) and 6110.6 (1523.8) vs. 6305.1 (569.2) respectively, P=0.6.

The study showed that TLC significantly increased three and six months after vitamin D administration among HIV/AIDS patients. Therefore, monthly intake of vitamin D supplement among these patients can be effective in maintaining their immune state

Pregnancy, labor, and childbirth are associated with an increased risk of mental disorders, one of which is social anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of stress-based mind-awareness therapy on emotional regulation and executive functions of pregnant women with social anxiety disorder.

The present study was of semi-experimental design with pre-test/post-test and control group. The statistical population of the study included 243 pregnant women referred to Taleghani Hospital in Tehran during September to February 2017, among whom 60 women who scored above 15 on the social anxiety scale were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups, each including 30 individuals. The research tools included the scale of executive functions, cognitive emotion regulation and social anxiety. Data analysis was performed using single-variable covariance analysis via SPSS software version 22.

The mean (SD) age of the participants in the experimental group was 33.1 (5.1) and the control group 34.7 (5.3). The mean (SD) score of the executive function of the experimental group was 9.5 (2.7) in the pre-test, which increased to 13.3 (3.1) in the post-test (P<0.01); however, the mean (SD) score of the executive function in the control group in the pre-test was 9.1 (2.4) and varied to 9.7 (2.5) in the post-test, which was not statistically significant. The mean (SD) score of positive emotional strategies in the experimental group in the pre-test were 56.5 (8.9) which increased to 61.7 (10.2) in the post-test (P<0.01); however, the mean (SD) score of positive emotional strategies in the control group was 57 (9.1) in the pretest and varied to 57.2 (9.2) in the post-test, which was not statistically significant. The mean (SD) score of negative strategies for cognitive-emotional regulation of the experimental group was 60.4 (10.8) in the pretest, which decreased to 55.7 (10.5) in the post-test (P<0.01); however, the mean (SD) score of negative strategies for cognitive-emotional regulation of the control group was 60.1 (10.3) in the pre-test and varied to 59.5 (9.6) in the post-test, which was not statistically significant. Mindfulness-based stress reduction treatment lead to increased positive emotion regulation (F=12.4, P<0.001), reduced negative emotion regulation (F=15.2, P<0.001), and increased in executive functions (F=7.1, P<0.001) among pregnant women with social anxiety disorder.

The study showed that the mind-awareness approach can increase the executive functions and positive strategies of cognitive regulation and reduce the negative strategies of emotional regulation

Nurses are more likely to suffer from job burnout than other employees which is attributable to the nature of nursing professional stress, depression and low job satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between depression and job burnout among nurses of hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.

The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. In this research, 300 nurses of hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran from May to September 2012 were selected by the convience sampling method. Data were collected using a populationcognitive questionnaire, job satisfaction questionnaire, depression questionnaire, and burnout questionnaire. To test the presuppositions of statistical tests and test hypothesis tests, variance analysis, correlation coefficient and path analysis fitting indices using AMOS software version 22 were used to measure the significance of the intermediate variable effect of Sobel test.

The mean (SD) age of participants in this study was 34.4 (11.3). Increased depression score with a mean (SD) of 55.6 (11.4) was associated with increased job burnout with a mean (SD) of 88.9 (21.4) and decreased job satisfaction with the mean (SD) of 40.7 (12.6). Increased job satisfaction was associated with decreased job burnout, P<0.001. Job satisfaction had a mediator role in the relationship between depression and burnout (P<0.05), and with a reverse effect of depression on job satisfaction (B=-0.23, P<0.001) job burnout decreased.

The study showed that increased depression was associated with increased job burnout and decreased job satisfaction. In addition, increased job satisfaction was associated with decreased job burnout. Job satisfaction had a mediator role in the relationship between depression and burnout, and with the reverse effect of depression on job satisfaction, job burnout decreased.

The growth of divorce in recent years has increased the number of children of divorce and the problems and issues arising from divorce in this sensitive period of development can be strongly influenced by psychological and accountability capital. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group reality therapy on the psychological capital and responsibility among adolescents who were under maternal custody.

This study was of semi-experimental design with a pre-test/post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of this study included all adolescents who were under maternal custody and were studying in high schools of the city of Sari in the academic year of 2017-2018. A sample of 60 students were selected through multistage cluster sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups, each group including 30 participants. The experimental group participated in eight sessions of group reality therapy, while the control group did not receive any training. In order to measure the dependent variables, Luthanese psychological capital questionnaire and Nemati’s Responsibility questionnaire were used. Multivariate analysis of covariance analysis was used to analyze the data in SPSS software version 22.

The mean (SD) age of the participants in the experimental group was 16.8 (5.6) and the control group 17.2 (6.1). The mean (SD) of psychological capital score in the experimental groups was 24.6 (4.3), which increased to 29.9 (3.2) in the post-test (P<0.01); however, the mean (SD) of psychological capital score in the control group was 25 (3.7) in the pre-test and varied to 24.2 (2.8) in the post-test, which was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The mean (SD) responsibility score of the experimental group was 83.4 (19.9), which increased to 98.9 (21.2) in the post-test (P<0.01); however, the mean (SD) responsibility score of the control group was 84.5 (20) in the pre-test and varied to 84.8 (19.3) in the post-test, which was not statistically significant. The optimism component of the variable of the psychological capital, and the component of the law of the variable of responsibility had the greatest impact from the reality of therapy.

The findings of this study showed that the training of group reality therapy leads to improvement of psychological capital and accountability among children of divorce.

Occupational stress among nurses can reduce the quality of nursing care and increase the health problems of nurses. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cognitive-emotional regulation, occupational stress and general health among nurses working in private hospitals in Tehran.

This study was of descriptive-correlational design. Participants included nurses working in private hospitals in Tehran, among whom 250 were selected by convenience sampling. To collect data, cognitive-emotional regulation questionnaire, nursing stress scale and general health questionnaire were used. Pearson correlation and multiple regressions were used via SPSS software version 20 to analyze the data.

The mean (SD) age of male nurses was 35.8 (9.5) and female nurses (33.1) (8.8). Increased positive cognitive-emotional regulation with mean (SD) 46.1 (9.2) was associated with decreased general health problems 41.7 (10.6), P<0.01. Increased negative cognitive-emotional regulation with mean (SD) 57.3 (10.8) was associated with increased occupational stress 83.5 (13.4) (P<0.01), and increased general health problems, P<0.01. In addition, increased occupational stress was associated with decreased general health problems, P<0.01.

The study showed that increased positive cognitive emotion regulation was associated with decreased public health problems. Increased negative cognitive emotion regulation was associated with increased occupational stress and general health problems. Increased occupational stress was associated with decreased public health problems.

The dream conceives and analytical imagery approaches can affect many variables including mental disorders and mental health. The aim of this study was comparing the effectiveness of dream conceive and analytical imagery approaches on death depression, anxiety and sleep quality among students.

The study was of semi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and follow-up with control group. The statistical population consisted of students who were referred to counseling centers of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the winter of 2015, among whom 90 were selected and randomly divided into three equal groups. Therapeutic intervention was performed for two experimental groups, but no intervention was performed among the control group. The variables were measured before, after and three months after the intervention. Data were collected by Death Anxiety Inventory, Depression Scale and Sleep Quality Questionnaire. Data analysis was done by SPSS software version 16 using repeated measure design.

The mean (SD) age of participants was 31.6 (7.3) years. Death anxiety score in the pre-test of dream conceive group was decreased from 10.2 (2) to 6.1 (2.5) in post-test and 5.9 (2.6) in follow up, P<0.001. Death anxiety score in the analytic imagery group was reduced from 8.5 (2.7) in the pre-test to 4.9 (2.6) in the post-test and follow-up, but the mean (SD) of death anxiety scores of the control group in the pre-test, post-test and followup did not make any difference. The depression score in the pre-test group of dream conceive was decreased from 29.3 (10.6) to 11.5 (10) in the post-test and 9.2 (8.9) in the follow-up, P<0.001; depression score in the pre-test, the analytic imagery group was reduced from 25.8 (9.4) in the pre-test to 12.2 (8.7) in post-test and 11 (7.9) follow-up, but the mean (SD) depression scores in the control group did not differ in pre-test, post-test and followup. The sleep quality score in the pre-test of the dream conceive group decreased from 19.1 (8.1) to 9.6 (6.3) in the post-test and 7.1 (4) in the follow-up (P<0.001); the sleep disorder score in the pre-test of the analytic imagery group was reduced from 18.2 (9.4) in the pre-test to 9.4 (6.4) in post-test and 8.6 (6.2) in follow-up, but the mean (SD) of sleep quality in the control group did not differ in pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Comparing the two groups of dream conceive and analytical imagery approaches before, post-test and follow-up showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of death anxiety, depression and sleep quality.

The study showed that both dream conceive therapy and analytical imagery reduced death anxiety, depression and sleep quality among students, but did not differ in the effectiveness of these two therapeutic approaches.

Death anxiety is a natural phenomenon, the absence of which could potentially put human life in danger. However, excessive death anxiety could disrupt normal life of people. Death anxiety is affected by various factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the predicting role of aspirations, self-compassion, self-esteem, and self-knowledge on death anxiety among university students.

This study was of correlational design. Participants included undergraduate psychology students of Islamic Azad University, in the city of Lahijan, in the academic year of 2015-2016, among whom 160 students were selected using convenience sampling method. Data were collected using AI, the Self-Short Form Compassion Scale (SCS-SF), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Self-Cognition Scale (ISK), and Templar Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS). Data were analyzed via Pearson correlation and multiple regressions in SPSS software version 20.

The mean (SD) age was 23.7 (6.3) among female and 24.1 (6.4) male participants. Increased score death anxiety with the mean (SD) of 2.5 (0.3) was associated with increased score of importance of external aspirations with the mean (SD) of 6.2 (1.2), achieving external aspirations with the mean (SD) of 6.5 (1.1) (P<0.05), importance of physical desires with the mean (SD) of 7.1 (1.2) (P<0.01), the likelihood of achieving self-actualizing aspirations with the mean (SD) of 7.1 (1.1) (P<0.05), and self-esteem with the mean (SD) of 3.4 (0.5) (P<0.05). Self-knowledge was not significantly associated with death anxiety (P>0.05). In addition, increased score of compassion with the mean (SD) of 3.1 (0.5) was associated with decreased score of death anxiety (P<0.01); however, death anxiety was not associated with integrative selfknowledge. Significance of self-actualization (β=0.29) and self-esteem (β=0.19) significantly differentiated the variance of death anxiety.

The study showed that increased importance of external aspirations, likelihood of achieving external aspirations, importance of self-fulfilling desires, and likelihood of achieving self-esteem and selfesteem were associated with increased death anxiety. In addition, increased compassion was associated with decreased death anxiety, while self-knowledge was not associated with death anxiety.

Overweight and obesity are public health concerns in adolescence that can be affected by socio-cultural factors. The aim of this study was to determine and compare overweight and obesity among female adolescents of Azeri and Kurd ethnicity living in Urmia city.

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 female students (Azeri=219; Kurd=131) aged 16-18 years old. Schools were selected by stratified cluster random sampling and in each school; students were selected through simple random sampling. Socio-economic and demographic data were collected by face-to-face interview. Adolescents’ weight and height were measured using standard techniques. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) cutoffs were used for determining overweight and obesity. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and independent-samples t-test and chi-square test were used to compare quantitative and qualitative data among Azeri and Kurd groups.

The mean )SD) age was 16.8 (0.8) among Kurd and 16.7 (0.7) Azeri participants. Among Azeri participants, the prevalence of obesity was 49 (22.4) based on CDC cutoff and the prevalence of overweight was 65 (29.7) based on WHO cutoff. Among Kurd participants, the prevalence of obesity was 14 (10.7) based on CDC cutoff and the prevalence of overweight was 16 (12.2) based on WHO cutoff. The prevalence of both obesity and overweight was higher among Azeri participants than Kurd participants (P<0.05). The mean )SD) body mass index (BMI) and BMI-for-age z-score was 23.5 (4.5) Kg/m2 and 0.5 (1.3) among Azeri participants and 21.9 (4.2) Kg/m2 and 0.1 (1.2) Kurd participants, respectively. BMI and BMI for age z-score was significantly higher among Azeri than Kurd participants (P<0.05).

The study showed that prevalence of obesity based on CDC cutoff and prevalence of overweight based on WHO cutoff among Azeri participants was higher than Kurds. Furthermore, BMI and BMI-for-age z-score was higher among Azeri participants than Kurds.

Although pituitary adenoma is usually benign, it may cause clear clinical symptoms due to hormonal changes or imposing pressure on the adjacent tissues. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of skills trainings based on dialectical behavioral therapy on signs state and trait anxiety among patients with pituitary adenoma tumor in Tehran.

This study was of semi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and control group. The statistical population of the study included all patients with pituitary adenoma tumor in Tehran in 2018. Participants included 30 people who were selected by convenience sampling method and the intervention was conducted for the experimental group. As many as 30 patients in the experimental group and 30 in the control group were randomly assigned. Data were collected via an impulsivity Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Data analysis was performed using multivariate covariance analysis and one way analysis of covariance by SPSS software version 18.

The mean (SD) score of cognitive impulsivity of the experimental group was 26.5 (9.1) in the pretest, which decreased to 21.4 (7.7) in the post-test (P<0.01), motor impulsivity in the pre-test was 20.8 (4.1) which decreased to 16.7 (3.7) in the post-test (P<0.01), and the unplanned in experimental group in pre-test was 36.2 (6) which decreased to 29.9 (6.3) at post-test (P<0.01); however, the mean (SD) score of the control group in the pre-test and post-test was not statistically significant. The mean (SD) score of state anxiety in the experimental group was 49.1 (8.4), which decreased to 41.7 (8.6) in post-test (P<0.01), trait anxiety of experimental group in the pre-test was 53.3 (12.3) which decreased to 46.2 (11) in the post-test (P<0.01); however, the mean (SD) score of control group in the pre-test and post-test was not statistically significant.

The study showed that dialectical behavioral therapy was effective on symptoms of state-trait anxiety and impulsivity among patients with pituitary adenoma tumor.

Emotional focused couple therapy (EFCT), which is a structured and shortterm approach, has a widespread application in solving emotional problems of couples. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of emotional focused couple therapy on marital burnout and attitudes toward infidelity of couples.

This study was of semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test and control group. The statistical population included all couples in counseling centers in Kerman who were selected by convenience sampling method and 60 individuals, 30 couples, were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups, each including 30 individuals. The research instruments were questionnaire of Attitude towards Infidelity scale and Marital Burnout Inventory. To analyze the data, analysis of covariance analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22.

The mean (SD) age of the experimental group was 39.5 (1.6) and the control group 37.8 (6.5). The mean (SD) score of marital burnout in the pre-test of the experimental group was 6.7 (0.5) which decreased to 3.2 (0.3) in the post-test (P <0.001). The mean (SD) score of attitudes toward infidelity in the experimental group was 42.3 (7.8) in the pretest which decreased to 36.4 (6.3) in post-test (P <0.001). The witnessed decrease in the scores of participants was higher in the experimental group than in the control group.

The study showed that the emotional focused couple therapy can reduce marital burnout and permissive attitudes toward infidelity.

Marital relationship is one of the most stable interpersonal relationships and its impact on individuals and society is more than any other relationship. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Couple Therapy Gottman and Datilio Couple Therapy on improving the sexual satisfaction among couples.

The statistical population of this study included all couples referred to the counseling clinics of Torbat Heydarieh city in 2018, among whom 168 (84 couples) volounteered to participate. Based on the G-power formula, the sample size was 90 (45 couple). The primary sampling method was non-random, but in the next step, a simple random sampling method, 90 subjects out of 168 were selected. Then, 15 couples participated in 14 weekly 45-90 minute sessions of Gottman's couple therapy, 15 couples participate in sessions based on Datiliou's treatment, and 15 couples did not receive any treatment. Data were collected via demographic questionnaire and sexual satisfaction Huddson questionnaire. Data were collected via SPSS software version 22.

The mean (SD) age of the participants in the Datilio couples was 30.7 (7.6), Gottman's couples 31.6 (8.2), and the control group were 31.7 (8.4). The mean (SD) score of sexual satisfaction in the pre-test group of Datilio therapy group varied from 62.3 (13.8) to 78.9 (13.5) post-test and 77.2 (12.8) in the follow-up (P<0.001), sexual satisfaction in the pre-test group of Gottman's couples increased from 61.7 (13.9) to 79.5 (13.4) in post-test and 77.8 (13.1) in follow-up (P<0.001); however, the mean (SD) of sexual satisfaction scores in the control group did not differ significantly in pre-test, post-test and follow-up. There was no significant difference between the efficacy of Datilio and Gottman's couple therapy on improving sexual satisfaction.

The study showed that Datilio and Gottman's couples was effective on improving the sexual satisfaction of couples, but there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of Datilio and Gottman's couple therapy on improving sexual satisfaction.

Job satisfaction is a factor that increases the efficiency and self-efficacy and can help improve career decisions. The purpose of this study was to predict self-efficacy in job decision making based on job satisfaction among employees of Islamic Azad University, West of Mazandaran.

This study was a correlational study. The research population consisted of employees of Mazandaran Azad University, among whom 500 employees were selected using stratified sampling method. Data was collected via a self-efficacy questionnaire in job-decision making and Minnesota's job satisfaction questionnaire. For analysis of the research data, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used using SPSS-22 and AMOS-22 software.

The mean (SD) age of the male employees was 38.9 (7.7) and female employees 35.6 (6.5). Job satisfaction with mean (SD) 3.6 (0.5) was associated with self-efficacy in job-decision making 3.5 (0.4) employees and its components included organizational climate (t=16.74), the opportunity to progress (t=16.14), leadership style (t=15.81), job type (t=15.38), physical conditions (t=15.25) and payment system (t=13.97) can predict self-efficacy in career decision making, respectively (P<0.001).

The study showed that increased job satisfaction and improving its components including payment system, job type, developmental opportunity, organizational climate, leadership style and physical conditions was associated with increased self-efficacy in employee career decision making.