فصلنامه خانواده و پژوهش
سال شانزدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1398)

The purpose of this research was to develop a structural model for predicting subjective well-being based on educational, social, emotional, physical, and security climate of schools through mediation of emotion regulation among junior high school female students. This research had an applied, correlational design. The statistical population of the study comprised all junior high school female students in public schools in Tehran in Districts 2, 7, 11 and 18. The drawn sample (N= 630) was selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. The instruments included the 2015 National School Climate Survey, Subjective Well-Being Scale (SWS) (Keyes & Magyar-Moe, 2003), and Affective Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Hofmann & Kashdan, 2010). Structural equation modeling was performed to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a positive direct relationship between school climate and self-regulation (p<0.01, β=0.297). In addition, a direct positive correlation was observed between school climate and subjective well-being (p<0.01, β=0.862). The results demonstrated that emotion regulation played a mediating indirect role in the link between school climate and subjective well-being. Finally, it was found that the direct path coefficient between self-regulation and subjective well-being was positive and significant (p<0.01, β=0.098). Hence, it can be concluded that schools are the most important place for boosting mental health in adolescents and a rich and positive school climate can pave the way for promoting resilience in students and regulating their emotions.

In today's dynamic world economy, traditional business approaches no longer meet the needs of market survival, growth and profitability, and entrepreneurship is presented to families, institutions, and individuals as a necessity. One of the main concerns is to create productive employment for young people in the country, which requires the necessary platform for entrepreneurship. The favorable environment within the family and the accompanying media, especially television, allow children to break through their defective habits and beliefs in order to change their thinking and practice in the entrepreneurial process. Given the pervasiveness of television after family and government institutions, it can have an undeniable role in fulfilling this vital mission. This paper, with a quantitative approach, examines the impact of entrepreneurship television programs on entrepreneurial intentions through the mediation of family support. Data were collected using a questionnaire with cluster approach from 4 districts of Tehran and 346 residents. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling approach using LISREL software. The findings of the study indicate that the entrepreneurial content of the television programs directly influences entrepreneurial intentions through individual attitudes, family support, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The impact of social content on entrepreneurial intentions has also been mediated and confirmed through individual attitudes, family support, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

The present research was undertaken to investigate the relationship between spouses’ perception of sacrificing behavior, alexithymia, and marital burnout among primary school teachers. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all primary school teachers in Amol from among whom 200 teachers were selected through random multi-stage cluster sampling method. The instruments included Perception of Sacrifice Scale (Harper & Figuerres, 2008), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (1994), and Couple Burnout Measure (Pines, 1996). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicated that spouses’ perception of sacrificing behavior was negatively associated with marital burnout, whereas alexithymia was positively correlated with marital burnout (P<0.001). Regression analysis also showed that spouses’ perception of sacrificing behavior could negatively predict marital burnout, while alexithymia positively predicted this variable. Among predictor variables, alexithymia was the most important predictor of marital burnout. Based on the findings, school psychologists and counselors can use life skills training programs to enhance sacrificing behavior and reduce problems caused by alexithymia among teachers and as a result decrease teachers’ marital burnout.

Internal aspects such as self-efficacy and self-esteem and external ones such as the quality of parent–child interactions are among the most important factors affecting the formation of resilience. This study sought to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between perception of parents' behavior and resilience in 4-6th grade students in Isfahan. The research design was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study comprised all 4-6th grade students in Isfahan in 2015. A number of 150 students were selected via cluster sampling method and then responded to the Perceptions of Parents Scale (1991), Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (2001) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003). The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS21 software and mediating analysis. The results demonstrated that self-efficacy mediates the relationship between perception of parents’ behavior and resilience. Hence, improving the perception of parents' behavior can positively affect self-efficacy and this in turn can build resilience in children. In fact, higher levels of resilience reflect individuals’ perception of their ability to adapt successfully in the face of stress and adversity. Due to the fact that children’s attitude toward themselves is largely influenced by their perception of their interaction with parents, it can be stated that self-efficacy is shaped by the perception of the children of their relationship with parents.

The present study was carried out to identify and analyze the social factors affecting school phobia in children in three domains of personal characteristics, parental expectations for children's educational attainment, and human and physical factors related to schools. The research method was survey and the statistical population of the study was comprised of 545 parents of Tehrani elementary school students in grades one to three. The instrument included a questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha of 0.85 which showed the internal consistency of the measure. Based on the results, three factors, i.e., parental expectations for children's educational attainment, school personnel’s perception of students, and children’s experience of school environment are among the important factors associated with school phobia. More specifically, 20.2% of variance in school phobia variable is explained by the aforementioned factors. The most significant factors contributing to school phobia are parental expectations for children's educational attainment (18%), school personnel’s perception of students (1.3%), and children’s experience of school environment (0.9%), respectively.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of self-compassion training in controlling anger among junior high school male students in Yazd. The statistical population of the study comprised all junior high school boys in Yazd from among whom 150 students were selected by random multi-stage cluster sampling method. The Anger Control Questionnaire was administered to them and the 30 students who obtained the lowest scores were chosen and randomly assigned to two experimental (N=15) and control groups (N=15). The experimental group was treated with eight 70-minute self-compassion sessions; however, the control group received no intervention. To collect data, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) (Spielberger, 2003) was utilized in pre- and post-tests for both experimental and control groups. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The findings showed that self-compassion training was effective in controlling students' anger (p<0.001). Furthermore, self-compassion training reduced the subscales of feeling angry, feeling like expressing anger physically, angry temperament, angry reaction, anger expression-in, and anger expression-out  (P<0.05). Nevertheless, self-compassion training had no significant impact on feeling like expressing anger verbally.

Measuring leisure needs is an essential step in planning educational development. Educational needs are one of the educational system's foundations that underlie the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the systems. This study was conducted through survey on a sample of 400 students [200 girls (Farzanegan) and 200 boys (Pishtazan)] from elementary school (fourth and fifth grades), guidance and high school in school year 2013-14. Findings show that students at different educational levels are in dire need of leisure activities. The most important leisure needs of students in the student organization are, respectively, the need for tourism, the need for celebrations, the need for collaborative activities, the need for sports, the need for cultural activities, the need for religion and the arts. For all leisure needs, the status quo is not desirable, and there is a gap between the existing and desired state. Furthermore, there is a significant relationship between students’ socio-economic status and their leisure needs. Deprived students need more tourism, sports, participatory, cultural, religious events and celebrations than those belonging to middle and upper classes. The findings also indicate that boys are more in need of tourism, sports and gatherings, celebrations and ceremonies than girls. Girls have a greater need for artistic activities than boys. Implications of the present study emphasize the importance of extracurricular activities for students in the education system. It is important to carry out a comprehensive needs assessment in order to develop a country-wide macro strategy. It is vital to address the disadvantages of leisure programs by focusing on disadvantaged and financially disadvantaged classes, and by educating trained instructors and utilizing the power of capable educators. It is also important to address gender differences in leisure time planning for girls and boys. It is worth noting that in order to meet the leisure needs of students, it is necessary to organize tourism camps, develop and promote sports and literacy skills, formulate promotional reading programs, encourage artistic activities and create diverse artistic associations, create community clubs, vocational clubs, entrepreneurial clubs, and ethics focused on nurturing students' spiritual and moral abilities.

Rahian-e Noor (the pilgrims of light) camps are organized to make Iranian students familiar with the sacrifices and dedication of soldiers who lost their lives in the Iraq-imposed 1980-88 war known as “Sacred Defense”.  These camps are held annually for all 10th grade students and they have numerous social and cultural effects. This article set out to investigate the impacts of Rahian-e Noor Camps on Karaji students. The data were extracted from a research project that had been carried out to study the the impacts of these camps on changing attitudes and behavior of students in school year 2011-12. The research was conducted through a survey and the data were collected using a questionnaire. The sample consisted of 460 10th grade students, 235 of whom had participated in camps and 225 had not. Findings indicated that attending Rahian-e Noor Camps had a positive effect on religiosity (t = 3.95, p =0.000), social capital (t = 5.3, p =0.000), Iranian-Islamic identity (t = 4.1, p =0.000), simple living (t = 4.9, p =0.000), and to model after veterans and martyrs (t = 10.5, p =0.000).