نشریه بحوث فی اللغه العربیه
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 22، بهار و تابستان 1399)

Sahifeh Sajjadiyeh is one of the most valuable religious texts in which its literary features of the subject attract attention. Repetition is one of the stylistic phenomena that are remarkably significant in this noble book, especially in the prayer of Arafeh. It is evident in consonants, vowels, words, sentences and phrases. Repetition in the prayer of Arafeh gives this noble prayer a beautiful music, tailored to the discourse of the text. In this research, which has been developed using an analytical method, ‘repetition’ in Arafeh (knowledge) prayer (No. 47) from Sahifeh Sajjadiyeh has been analyzed. One of the results obtained from this research is that Imam Sajjad (p.b.u.h) did not use the repetition randomly, but He used it as an intonation, pause between notes (Iqaa), and a musical element consciously, in order to express the meaning of the word with giving an intonation to the text and to penetrate it into the soul and the spirit of the audience. It should be noted that there is a close relationship between the two levels of phonetic and implicational in this prayer.

One of the controversial issues of Arabic language is Al- prefixed to a participle which acts like a relative pronoun. In this regard, participles include اسم فاعل  (the active participle), اسم مفعول  (the passive participle), الصفه المشبهه  (another participle in Arabic), which al attached to them. The grammarians have different approaches to this issue whether al is considered a definite word or it is regarded as an alphabetical Mosoul such as Ann (ان) or Ma (ما). Often, grammarians believe that when Al attaches to اسم فاعل (the active participle) and اسم مفعول (the passive participle), it will be like الذی (Allazi) and its equivalents. In contrast, there are some scholars argue that even when it comes upon اسم فاعل (the active participle) and اسم مفعول (the passive participle), it will maintain its original state and is merely a definite article. Some also believe that Al will be حرف موصول (relative letter) like ما (Ma) and ان (An) and not اسم موصول (relative pronoun). Few grammarians also believe that Al that comes upon اسم فاعل (the active participle) and اسم مفعول (the passive participle) will be موصول relative pronoun which is derived from الذی (Allazi).  The aim of this study is to find a clear response for this important issue in the light of analysis of controversial views based on a logical approach called exceptional separated analogy (قیاس استثنائی انفصالی). One of the most important findings of this study is that Al is included in the names فاعل (the active participle), اسم مفعول  (the passive participle) is اسم موصول (relative pronoun) unlike those who thought it is a letter (حرف)

Writing is usually the last skill to develop among the four language skills. This is an advanced level in which the second language learner must be able to produce a text conforming to the principles of text construction in the target language. Since coherence is one of the basic features of every text, the present study attempted to investigate errors that caused text incoherence. To be coherent and cohesive, every text should contain linguistic forms which create links among sentences. These forms include elements of grammatical coherence, lexical coherence, and conjunctions categorized by Halliday and Hassan who consider them as guarantees for the link among sentences. Using a descriptive-analytic method as well as the theoretical model, the present study attempted to analyze, classify and interpret errors in texts written by Persian-speaking learners’ of Arabic. Considering the purposes of the study and the accessibility of the participants, the targeted population included all the forth-year female undergraduate learners studying Arabic at the University of Kashan in 2017 and 2018. Writing samples were collected from all members and the sample was, therefore, equal in size to the population. The instruments included the error identification checklist and the sample compositions on three descriptive tasks. The results of the analysis, following Halliday’s and Hassan’ categories, indicated that failure to use coherence-related linguistic forms and their incorrect application can lead to text weakness and incoherence. It was also found that an important indicator of writing quality for Arabic learners is their mastery of these linguistic elements. This is to say that learners who used the elements more frequently, produced texts of a better quality.

The audio level is one of the domains of the stylistics approach, and it gives importance to the role played by rhythm in the text, because the audio elements as well as rhythm and repetition and the delicate music and the sound effects that are hidden in it help to enrich the text. Accordingly, prose elegy, one of the new poetic forms, is not free from rhythmic elements, and these rhythmic elements have several forms that give rise to the aspect of the poetry and the beauty of the poem. The current essay seeks to investigate the structural mechanisms in the elegies of Iraqi poet Yahya Samawi. This research uses an analytic descriptive method and is done based on a detailed analysis of its rhythmic elements to extract its semantic value and its aesthetics. Through this research it became clear that the proverbial narratives of Samawi are full of original rhythmic elements, and have a function of illusion and beauty that invokes the reader and enhances the poet's poetic experience. Thus, these poems are followed by a poem. The most important rhythmic forms of the poet in his elegies are: contradiction rhythm, counting, types of repetitions, audio density, puncture, and harmony of sound. These modes, in total, form the rhythmic and phonic rhymes of the poet's prose elegies, and invoke and influence the reader.

Since the application of language theory has a special interest to the texture and the origin of the word in the context, one of the issues that it deals with in its studies, is paying attention to the strategies that the speaker has used to achieve his/her purpose. Occasionally, the speaker uses these linguistic tools to surrender their goals and goes beyond the framework of the command rules and gives them new meanings. This research seeks to study Ahmed Abdel Muti's strategy in applying verbs. Since this application is closely related to the goals of the poet and textures of his words, the best way to do this is to use the methodology of pragmatics (i.e. the way language is applied). The most important results achieved by this research is that the thoughts and spirit of the poet play a significant role in using verbs, because sometimes these verbs have been removed from their original time, indicating time and meaning, which clearly illustrate the purpose of his poet and psyche. So, it is not possible to examine all the verbs of the verse used in the poet's poems based on syntactic rules, but understanding their meanings requires paying attention to the poet and his word of thought. In addition, in some of his poems, the poet has put the verb apocryphal as a means to express the purpose and his feelings in some of his elegies

Abstract Literary criticism is one of the important literary arenas that helps us to recognize the privileged literature, and it has based its evaluation on solid evidence, one of the most important of which is the literary style used by author to write his literary work. Vocabulary variation is one of the stylistic methods that, by measuring and comparing it in literary texts of writers, we can find the treasure of existing vocabulary available to each author. In fact, the statistical aspect in the study of literary styles is one of the fundamental criteria for the evaluation of literary texts. The importance of this review in the field of literary criticism, as an important step in avoiding mere speculation and analysis, is to understand the authors' styles. There are many ways to achieve the size of the vocabulary treasure for the various writers. The method we have chosen in this study is Johnson's method, which by measuring the similar and different vocabulary in literary texts of a writer and comparing it with other authors' texts, it presents a clear and comparative picture of the vocabulary variety in the literary texts of three great Abbasid writers, namely, Ibn al-Moghaafā, Jahez, and Abu Hayan Touhidi. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, by comparing the styles of these authors, concluded that Jahez's style has the most diverse vocabulary than the other two authors, and there is very little difference between Ibn al-Moghaafā's style and Abu Hayan Touhidi's style. The main factor behind these differences is the scientific environment in which Jahez has lived and studied.

The purpose of this study is to express the linguistic challenges of oral translation from Persian to Arabic by relying on syntactical structures from the perspective of oral translators. In order to achieve the research purposes, a descriptive method has been used. The statistical population of the study, which has been selected randomly, includes 36 professors from the Arabic language group of Tehran and Isfahan universities with oral translation backgrounds as well as oral translators in the media circles, particularly, the IRIB and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In order to collect the views of the translators, the researchers used a questionnaire of 30 questions based on the linguistic challenges in the oral translation of Persian to Arabic, focusing on syntactical structures. Consultation with experts in statistics and experts in the field of oral translation was taken into account. After assuring the validity of the questionnaire, the reliability was calculated using correlation coefficient (α=0.89) with the help of ten Ph.D. students and other professors. All analyses were performed using the SPSS software. The results of the research are:1.Linguistic challenges in oral translation include general, syntactical, inflectional, lexical, and sound challenges 2.Based on the statistical results of the questionnaire, it was determined that all of these five challenges were important to the translators and agreed on all of their sub-dimensions (the ratio of each axis was more than three degrees). In the meantime, the vocabulary challenges with the average score (3.89) has highest degree, and followed by the sound challenges with the average (3.87), the general challenges with average (3.73), the syntactical challenge with average (3.62) and the inflectional challenges are with the average (3.33). This suggests that grammatical structures have the least importance for oral translators.

This study examines the relationships between Al (1(ال and (Nunnation, Interjection, and Addition= Idhofah) and explicitly explains the role of these relationships in facilitating Arabic language. This is done through discussing issues such as omission and mitigation with the emphasis on the descriptive inductive method as well as referring to traditional and modern scientists of syntax. The purpose is to extract their ideas regarding the existing relationships between Al ((ال and the three well-known noun signs. The main purpose is to draw a real form of network of these relationships, in order to discover the truth behind these connections and to simplify and facilitate the oral use of the language. The obtained results show that in addition to the external relationships (the relationship between Al ((ال, from one side and the Nunnation and Addition cases from the other side) and the substitutional relationships (the relationship between Al ((ال and Interjection case), there is another relationship which is called Mitigation relationship. To explain that, if the Nunnation is omitted from a word added with the Al ((ال, or if the Al ((ال is omitted from the possessive case or Interjection case, this omission is, in fact, in order to mitigate and simplify word performance in the language. Also, what the study reveals on the Mitigation of the Idhofah case, in addition to assigning or defining, is that the Mitigation feature can add to the Idhofah spiritual benefits.

The word ‘Sabeel’ in many Quranic verses has more implications than what scholars have defined in their dictionaries and word books. Subtle studies have shown that the implications of this word in various verses are different according to the trend and symmetry, and we can not consider the same implication for all of the cases. So, in this paper we studied different sementic aspects of this word in the Holly Quran with the attitude of the central and peripheral implications of this word. Also, with a descriptive-analitical method, and with the help of innoccent Imams' speeches, commentators opinions and scholar's theories, we discussed various aspects of the central and peripheral implications of this word. This word that has been used in many of the Holly Quran verses, amazingly has varios implications that are different according to the trend and symmetry. Some of these implications are: religion, Ahl-ol-Beit stewadship, fact, good deed and so on

Reader interaction relies on semantics of interaction and philosophical phenomenology. In this approach, the reader is in the process of being meaningful, dynamic, and influential. By using this approach, the domain of meaning production with the participation of the reader is excluded from the monopoly of the author and the text. In this research, the author sought to analyze the function of this approach in understanding the aesthetics and also the cultural function of mystic poetry in Arabic and Persian. Through an interaction approach based on the discursive and phenomenological view, the reader establishes new relationships between signs through the interaction and becomes involved in aesthetic interaction with the fluid and non-constant meanings of the text. Concerning the result of this approach to the poetry in the text and with regard to how it was understood, it became clear that this method, in addition to changing the attitude in the identity of the aesthetic look, was effective in understanding and expanding the cultural function of poetry. Accordingly, this approach extends the function of the poetry.

Sibawayh’s al-Kitāb is one of the remnants of the Muslim legacy of the second half of the second century AH and is a turning point in the field of scientific issues in the Muslim world. Sibawayh, in his book, as a pioneer of grammarians, uses some stylistic features that make it difficult to grasp the meaning of his work. Therefore, this research, by using a descriptive-analytical method and by selecting sections from al-Kitāb, seeks to explain and describe the stylistic properties that influence the meaning to facilitate the understanding of the book for its audience. Among these properties are the frequent use of absent pronouns, demonstrative and ambiguous nouns, some explanations instead of idioms, syntactic descriptions in the form of examples without specifying them, the use of digression figure of speech, the abundance of brevity with hidden analogies, and the use of relative adverbs to express permissions and the necessity of orders. Sibawayh follows the deductive method, he begins with a few examples, then explains the verses, and finally quotes from the Holy Quran, poetic verses from the era of protest, the proverb, or the speech of Arab speakers. And he is constantly talking to a hypothetical audience.

Abstract In this study, the lack of verb indication on tense from the viewpoint of scholars of syntax and principles of jurisprudence is investigated. Recent scholars of principles of jurisprudence deny the verb indication on tense literally. They also object the triple division of the word and believe that the verb consists of a noun and a particle, and that the word is divided into two parts: a noun and a particle. On the contrary, scholars of syntax believe that the verb indicates time, and the time is determinative for the verb. Scholars of principles of jurisprudence reject this and believe that being the determinants of time is understood from the style, syntactic and semantic symmetries, and this indication by symmetries is for the time concept not due to the nature of the verb. That is why the voice of the past and present verb indicates one of the triple times according to symmetries, and if the time was in the nature of the verb and part of it, in that case the time became the part of the nature of the verb and it was impossible to separate it for acquiring some particles like dogmatic particle and it was not allowable that the past verb is used in the present time or vice versa. This research has discussed noticeable opinions about the indication of verb or the lack of verb indication on tense in a descriptive analytical way from the viewpoint of scholars of syntax and principles of jurisprudence. In this study, the opinion on lack of verb indication on tense is accepted and the notion of verb indication on tense is rejected. Due to the attributes of the tense, subject indication on tense is accepted.