نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 48 (آذر 1398)

The present study is based on the complex and multifaceted problem of development and by examining the functions of development, it has sought to pave the way for a redefinition of the “development” keyword on the path to progress by describing and analyzing the issue of the role of statesmen in the development of Iran, with an approach to Amir Kabir’s actions in various schools. Given the role and responsibility of governments in their societies in the present era, examining the issue of development requires explaining the role of states in the development process and the kind of the attitude of statesmen and policymakers to development. To this end, some governments have severely linked development with economic concepts and achieved significant economic progress, but have not been very successful in distributing development benefits among the population, and they have deprived their people of many of the desirable benefits of mankind, such as political freedom and social justice. This article examines the theory of development and has taken steps to bring the concept of development closer to politics and introduces this theory by mentioning related facts, definitions and keywords. The perspective presented in this article has sought to achieve the positive effects of developing and distributing fair income and the abilities that result from the elimination of constraints. In this attitude, measures such as securing fundamental freedoms, creating economic and social opportunities, transparency, and protecting vulnerable sections of society are among the responsibilities of responsive and empowered governments.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, abbreviated as GATT, is an international treaty designed to expand trade between member states. It is, in fact, a multilateral agreement in international trade, which in 1947 became the basis for cooperation of member states as an international trade and commerce law. The GATT, as a reality in today's world, is such that it is impossible, or perhaps even unwise, to ignore or neglect it. Today, the foreign economic sector is considered as one of the components of the economic system that is growing in importance as technology and product diversification expand worldwide. The World Trade Organization has also been an international organization aimed at planning trades, so it must include the mutual interests of producers and consumers. This research, based on library studies, seeks to identify the economic factors of this organization such as its economic goals and implications. The economic implications of globalization, the economic goals and the principles that lead to this result, as technology has expanded globally, has increased the importance of the organization on a global scale while increasing the importance of the economy.

How energy is supplied according to consumption and demand is a crucial issue in the contemporary world. Fossil fuels have limited resources globally and are gradually running out, so countries are looking for an alternative energy. Despite the benefits of nuclear activities, we may often experience internal and international damages resulted from such activities. Injury to the victims of the accidents raises the issue of identifying the legal system governing civil liability and the settlement of disputes over claims of nuclear damages, which is the subject of the present study. The findings of the study suggest that the two main civil liability conventions of Paris and Vienna hold the operator of the nuclear facility liable for damages, and in terms of jurisdiction, in the first place, these two conventions hold the jurisdiction for the court at the place where the incident took place, and sometimes hold the jurisdiction for the court at the place of nuclear facilities, and also in terms of legal jurisdiction, according to the provisions of the convention, the laws of the competent court hold the jurisdiction for the national law of the place of the nuclear facilities. In a review of domestic law, it should be noted that Iran has no substantive law in the field of nuclear civil liability and has not acceded to any of the international conventions on civil liability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the provisions of international conventions in an analytical and descriptive manner in order to enact law in the field of civil liability for compensation of nuclear damage or to accede to international conventions, taking into account the existing judicial policy in this field.

Nowadays, the environment is of substantial significance in the field of international relations studies. It is predicted that the most serious future crises of humankind occur in the context of environment, and the developing countries would be highly influenced by such crises. Among the developing countries, the Middle East countries region is of great importance due to the security nature, challenging arguments, and possessing the large portion of energy resources. This region plays a vital role in the global economy and energy security which also embraces high levels of conflicts due to lack of effective cooperation in the form of collective identity and lack of multilateral treaties. The environmental crisis is one of the serious threats of the Middle East region, and the modernization trend has assisted the development of such challenges with no consideration of the environmental capacities. The objective of the current study is to examine the drought crisis from the liberalism perspective, which relies on the private possession as well as economic profit-making aspects, with respect to the postmodernism theory, which has a critical perspective toward the modernism and its derivative negative effects. The main purpose of the current study is to scrutinize these two perspectives in terms of the ontology, epistemology, and methodology nature differences. The difference of environment position in international relations existing in the cold war with respect to its position afterwards, as the ruling paradigm shift in the context of environmental studies, has offered new circumstances for the critical theorists.

In the event of disputes, the International Court of Arbitration for Sport has simply been able to implement its decisions, despite its disagreement with Iranian domestic law. The jurisdiction of the Court of Arbitration for Sport has been unusually accepted without the approval of the Islamic Consultative Assembly in Iran. Using an analytical and descriptive approach, this article explains the principles governing disputes in international sports arbitrations. The results of the study indicate that, in light of the Court's statutes and regulations, the Court follows certain principles in its litigation: the principle of confidentiality, the principle of low cost, the principle of availability, and The principle of speed and simplicity. The laws governing the dispute in the Court are not uniform laws and are chosen by four different methods. In the first method, the choice of the law governing the settlement of disputes in the court is up to the parties to the dispute (citing the laws of Switzerland); in the second method, the election is regarded as the law enforcer in the court (election of residence law of the sports entity issuing the disputed vote); the third method is applicable to the choice of the law; the fourth method is the determination of the law applicable to special courts (the courts that temporarily adjudicate on the site of a particular match).

Given their geopolitical position, Iran and Saudi Arabia are among the most important actors in the Middle East that play a major role in the events in the region. Since the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the two have been in serious rivalry with each other for sever ideological conflicts, which has intensified competition in other fields. Relations between the two countries have historically been sinusoidal, and given the recent developments in the region, such as in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, we have witnessed serious rivalries between Iran and Saudi Arabia, because the increase in power of each of these countries in the region will mutually lead to the decrease in the power of the other one. Due to the nuclear agreement between Iran and the P5+1, the ground was set for increased power of Iran in the region, which led Saudi Arabia to take a strong stand against Iran. Given the US withdrawal from the JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action), we are seeing a reduction in Iran's maneuverability on regional issues, and it is clear that Saudi Arabia has played a role in the US withdrawal. This study seeks to answer this question: What is the purpose of Saudi Arabia to pressure the United States to withdraw from the JCPOA? The assumption is also based on the premise that Saudi Arabia's push for US withdrawal from the JCPOA was aimed at preventing the strengthening of Iranian power and thereby reducing Iran's threat to Saudi Arabia. The theoretical framework used in this research is offensive realism and the research method is descriptive-analytical.

Ta'ziyeh is the product of the stagy evolution of Shiite mourning rituals in Iran. Ta'ziyeh, as the first form of religious theatre in Iran, derives from Shiite religion and nationality and find its final from influenced by a number of social factors. Therefore, the sociological recognition of Ta'ziyah has always been necessary. According to reflection theory, all cultural and artistic works are products of societies and reflect their social conditions. So, if we consider Taziyeh as the final product of the evolution of mourning rituals in Iran, the course of events that lead the mourning rituals to Taziey is in part a reflection of the social conditions prevailing in Iranian history. A look at Iran's social and political history reflects the fact that the structures in Iranian society have been influenced by the authoritarian political system of rule; on the other hand, rituals are the most social aspect of religion and have always been linked to the institution of power by concepts such as social discipline, ritual place and time, and media and advertising application. The present article therefore seeks to answer this question: “What role political structure has played in the development of Iran's mourning rituals and what are the characteristics of these rituals?” The method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and historical and the research concludes that the orientation and the will of power have been involved in reinforcing, weakening, and transforming some features of mourning rituals until the emergence of Ta'ziyeh.