فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی
پیاپی 53 (پاییز 1398)

Drug use has imposed enormous economic and social costs through its destructive effects on people's health and increasing crime in society. This can be detrimental to social welfare by affecting one's health. The purpose of this research is to model the impact of addiction on social welfare with an emphasis on health in Iran.

The present study was a descriptive-analytical one and was a survey in terms of data collection. A researcher-made questionnaire was used. Statistical population included experts in crime and addiction economics (sample 10) and drug addicts supervised by Tehran addiction centers (sample 384).

The results showed that economic, personal, cultural, social, political and psychological factors have a positive and significant effect on addiction, respectively. With each unit change in economic factors, welfare decreases by 0.59 and welfare increases by 0.73 by each unit change of health index.

The results of this study can be an important step in determining the priority factors and their effect on the prevalence of addiction and consequently preventing the negative effects of addiction on health and social welfare.

The purpose of this study was to design a strategic management model for early prevention of addiction with a cultural approach.

Using a sequential exploratory design (qualitative-quantitative), we evaluated the factors and finally developed a strategic management model for early prevention of addicton with a cultural approach. Thus, in the Delphi phase, a 46-member panel of experts from different areas of addiction prevention with a cultural approach selected by purposeful sampling was used to collect data through a questionnaire. In this phase, two methods of communication evaluation and focal group formation were used to validate the model, and two methods of repeatability and transferring capability (generalizability) were used for validation. In the SWOT phase, through a purposeful sampling method, a focal group consisting of 8 experts from the field of early prevention of addiction with a cultural approach was formed. Different stages of SWOT study were performed by Delphi questionnaire. Finally, by identifying the appropriate weights obtained from the evaluation of internal and external factors, the strategic action of strategic management of early prevention of addiction with a cultural approach was determined. In this phase, qualitative formal content validity was used for the validity of the instrument, and Cronbach's alpha test was used for the validity of the internal consistency of the items.

The results of Delphi phase showed that a total of 38 variables included four factors including: (a) empowerment; (b) social services; c) Social participation, d) governance after four rounds were identified as the effective factors on the strategic management of the early prevention of addiction with the cultural approach and were agreed by the experts.

SWOT results showed that strategic management strategy of early prevention of addiction with cultural approach is competitive strategy (diversification). Hence, eight final strategies and models were formulated.

Drug addiction and abuse, which has become popular amongst people as a big catastrophe, has become one of the major concerns of human societies today. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction between supply and treatment (and harm reduction) measures.

The research method was analytical –survey and applied. The data were collected from members of the Kerman Drug Fight Division including administrators, deputies, staff, experts, physicians, nurses, and residents. The instrument was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. In the first stage, random cluster sampling was performed for each center and in the second stage, simple random sampling was used. Finally, data of 287 questionnaires were analyzed using Amos and SPSS software.

The results showed that there is no relationship between drug abuse coping and drug addiction reduction. On the other hand, treatment measures have a positive effect on reducing the damage of addiction. Also, the interaction between anti-supply measures and treatment measures was also confirmed.

The findings can be considered as a policy to cope up with drug supply.

In this study, the structure of addiction treatment centers in Iran was investigated by considering the opinion of experts in this field.

This study was conducted by direct qualitative content analysis using interview instrument.

The results showed that the structure of Congress 60 and the Association of Anonymous Addicts is close to the special mission structure. Due to its limited division of labor, simple hierarchy and ideology-based strategy, it has flexibility and dynamics. However, the camp, therapeutic community centers, and methadone therapy have a mixed structure. That is to say, although they have the characteristics of professional bureaucracy, they are more like machine bureaucracy.

Addiction treatment centers are close to professional structure because they have professional staff and specialized programs in the field of treatment. But the vast regulations make their extensive and rigorous bureaucratic system resemble a machine bureaucratic structure.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of attachment style in substance use tendency considering the mediating role of sense of coherence in students of Shahid Beheshti University of Mashhad.

The present study was a correlation study using structural equation modeling method. The study population consisted of students of Shahid Beheshti Campus of Mashhad College of Education in the academic year of 2017-2018. 400 students (311 male and 89 female) were selected by random cluster sampling method. Measures of study are: addiction tendency questionnaires (Mir Hessami, 1), attachment styles (Hazen & Shaver, 1987) and sense of coherence (Antonovsky, 1987).

The results showed that attachment style and substance use tendency have a direct relationship (p <0.05). Also, attachment style and tendency to substance use have indirect effects on tendency to substance use through sense of coherence (p <0.05).

To reduce the tendency to use drugs, insecure and avoidant attachment styles should be changed to secure styles and improve self-esteem in individuals. Attachment styles affect the quality of social relationships and, subsequently, self-esteem. Promoting a sense of coherence leads to a strong sense of perceiving events.

Given the prevalence of addiction and its adverse consequences in society, there is a need to conduct research to identify the effective factors on addiction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of schema modes and dark triad traits of personality in addiction potential.

A sample of 120 juvenile offenders convicted in Ardabil prisons in 2017 was selected by convenience sampling method. The subjects were analyzed by Schema Modes Questionnaire and dark triad traits of personality questionnaires and Addiction Potential Scale.

The results showed that the factors of schema modes, antisocial personality, narcissistic personality and machiavellianismhad the highest effect on addiction potential with 0.478, 0.442, -0.353 and 0.331, respectively. This impact is positive for schema modes, antisocial personality, and Machiavellianism, and negative for narcissistic personality factors.

Although schema mode components and dark triad personality traits have an effect on addiction potential, but considering the impact coefficient, dark triad traits of personality have a prominent role in addiction potential.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of life skills training on quality of life in quitted women.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of this study was quitting women and girls in the camp of women in Tehran. Using convenience sampling method, 30 persons were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were assigned randomly in experimental group (15) and control group (15). The experiment group received life skills. The Quality of Life Scale of the world health organization was administered as pre-test and post-test in both groups.

The results of covariance analysis showed that life skills training was effective in improving scores on the subscales of physical health, mental health, social relations, and environmental health.

Life skills training, especially emotion management, stress management, problem solving, and effective communication can improve the quality of life and can be an effective step in rehabilitation and the lack of relapse of addicts.

The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and distress tolerance with life satisfaction of addictive students.

The sample consisted of 300 undergraduate and postgraduate students (200 females, 100 males) who were selected by random cluster sampling and were screened by Wade and Butcher addiction potential test. Then, they were evaluated by Conner and Davidson Resilience Scale (2003), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2001), Simons & Gahr's Distress Tolerance Scale (2005), the satisfaction with life scale of Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsan, R. J., & Griffin (1985).

The hypothetical model was investigated. The results showed that the good fit of the proposed model with the research data. The results showed that positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies were directly and indirectly (mediated by resilience) correlated with life satisfaction of susceptible students, but indirectly was a strong predictor of life satisfaction. Distress tolerance had a significant relationship with the life satisfaction of the students exposed to addiction with the mediating role of resilience.

It can be said that improving positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and distress tolerance skills can be useful for implementing preventive interventions and resiliency training programs and increasing life satisfaction in students exposed to addiction.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between stressful life events and addiction potential with the moderating role of Type D Personality.

The method of the present study was correlation using structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of undergraduate and postgraduate students of Uremia University in the academic year of 2017-2018. 400 students were selected through multistage random cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Paykel Life Events Inventory, the Wade and Boucher’s Addiction Potential Scale, the Psychological Stress Scale of ALiakbari, the Social Support Scale of Sameni, and the D-Type personality scale of Denolt.

A positive relationship was found between addiction potential with stressful life events, stressors, and type D personality with addiction potential, stressful life events, and psychological pressure. There was also a negative relationship between type D personality and addiction potential with family support. The results of path analysis showed that indirect paths of stressful events, family support, and stressors to addiction potential are fitted through type D personality.

It can be said that type D personality can play a key role in the relationships between the variables of stressful life events, addiction readiness, family support and psychological stress.

The purpose of this study was to determine the causes of substance abuse by drug users.

This study was a qualitative and case study design. Its population consisted of people recovering from drug addiction in 2018 who tried to quit and discontinue drug addiction via Narcotics Anonymous (NA). Participants in this study were selected by sample size determination as 14 people. The method of data collection was semi-structured interview which consisted of two parts: demographic information, identifying the reasons for reuse and discovering the causes. To determine its standard level, a three-item method (researcher, supervisor and similar counselors) was used.

The analysis method was performed by reviewing the explicit and hidden content of the data obtained from the writing and speeches by manual coding method.

The findings of this study showed that in drugs reuse among the recovering individuals of NAs, individual, psychological and social factors were also effective.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of religious belief-based prevention skills training on the flexibility of action, emotional, social and educational adjustment of second of high school students exposed to drug abuse in Ahvaz. The research method was experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of students of second-of high school exposed to drug abuse in Ahvaz who were studying in the academic year 2017-2018. Sample size consisted of 80 students who were selected by multistage random cluster sampling and assigned to experimental (40) and control (40) groups. The experimental group received 17 sessions of religious belief-based prevention skills training. Conner-Davidson’s Flexibility of Action Scale and Sinha and Singh adjustment inventory of the high school students were used for data collection. The results showed that there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups in the variables of flexibility of action, emotional, social and educational adjustment. Religious beliefs-based prevention skills training can be used as an appropriate preventive intervention method.

The purpose of this study was to predict the occurrence of high risk behaviors based on associating with delinquent peers, depression and problem solving.

The research method was descriptive correlational. The sample consisted of 130 (male) students who were studying in the 2016-2017 academic year in Borujen selected via a multi-stage random sample method. The revised questionnaires of high-risk behaviors, association with delinquent peers, and the problem solving of Hepner's Questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos software and structural equation analysis method.

Findings indicated that the component of association with peers has a direct effect on tendency to smoking, Hookah and psychedelics; also trust in Problem-Solving has a direct impact on suicide; the tendency-avoidance component of problem solving on using psychedelics, the personal control component of problem solving on conflict, suicide and tendency to use psychedelics and finally depression had a direct effect on suicide, tendency to use cigar, hookah and psychedelics.

Overall, the findings of the present study support the role of association with delinquent peers, depression and problem solving in predicting high risk behaviors.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy based on thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness in addicts.

This study was a quasi-experimental study using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of addicts referred to Ardabil health assistants' withdrawal camp in 2018. The sampling method in this study was available sampling method. In this study, 30 people who were included in the sample were selected and answered the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire and were randomly assigned to four groups of 15. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes of acceptance and commitment based treatment and the control group did not receive any intervention. At the end of the questionnaire, interpersonal needs were again administered in both groups and the data were analyzed by covariance analysis.

The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy had an impact on thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness of the addicts.

Acceptance and commitment therapy can be used to reduce the feeling of thwarted belongingness and the perceived burdensomeness of addicts and can be used as psychological intervention.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Mandala art therapy on reducing anxiety in women with substance abuse.

The research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with control group. The study population consisted of women with substance abuse in Sari city. The sample consisted of 30 patients who were selected by non-random sampling method from addicts referring to the Women's Addiction Treatment Center and randomly divided into experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. Zank’s Anxiety Scale was used for the research instrument. The Mandala art therapy was given to the experimental group for 8 sessions of 60 minutes and the control group did not receive any intervention.

The results of covariance analysis showed that the mean scores of anxiety in the experimental group were significantly lower than the control group.

According to the results of this study, Mandala art therapy can be used as an effective non-pharmacological approach to reduce anxiety in women with substance abuse.

The aim of this study was to compare the emotional failure and Dark Triad (DT) in women with and without addiction.

The research method was causal-comparative. The sample consisted of 120 women (60 with addiction potentiality and 60 with no addiction) who were selected from among women between 18 and 45 years old in Ardabil city using available sampling method. The research instrument was Ross emotional failure Inventory (1999) and Johnson and Webster’s Dark Triad (DT) Questionnaire (2010).

The results showed that there was a difference between emotional failure and Dark Triad (DT) among women with and without addiction. Emotional failure and Dark Triad (DT) characteristics in women with addiction tend to be higher than women without addiction.

It can be said that women with addiction tendency, experience more emotional failure and Dark Triad (DT) characteristic.