فصلنامه گیاه و زیست بوم
پیاپی 60 (پاییز 1398)

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of forest edge on the abundance of Sylvia communis andPhylloscopuscollybita inEzbaram forest. Ezbaram forest, with an area of 147 acres, is located in the east of Gilan province and within 5 km distance from Siahkal and 25 km distance from Lahijan. To record their abundance, unlimited radius censuses were used; therefore, all heard and observed birds were recorded in the sampling unit. Observing and recording the birds continued everyday from sunrise 5 a.m. until 8 a.m., from mid-spring 2010. The sampling was halted during bad weather conditions and restricted visibility. To study the vegetation as environmental variables, circular plots with a 17-meter radius from the center were considered. The analysis of variance was used to examine the presence of a significant difference in the abundance of the two species in different distances from the edge towards the center of the forest. The results revealed a significant difference in the abundance of Sylvia communis(p= 0.005) andPhylloscopuscollybita (p= 0.001) in different distances from the edge towards the center of the forest and their frequency was less in the edge compared to the central areas. To determine the environmental variables that significantly affect the abundance from edge towards the center, Krouskal-wallis test was applied. The results showed a significant difference between the edge and the center regarding the shrub density, floor number, number of dry-footed tries, and security. The result of ANOVA indicates an increasing pattern from the edge towards the center. Generally speaking, it can be claimed that the abundance of these species in forest areas is largely determined by shrub density, floor number, the number of dry-footed tries, and security factors. Accordingly, it is suggested that protecting the elements that play a key role in the creation of convenient habitats for birds should be considered in managing the northern forests of Iran.

This research was conducted to compare some of the physical and chemical properties of soil in relation to two grosses of planting Populousdeltoids and Fraxinus excelsior in Siahkal (TazehabadJoonka’s forests). For so doing, after designing the demographic network in 50×50 dimensions and by considering the (1/25000) scale and map’s area in two planting zones, 15 points were selected for sampling on the map for each zone and Random Systematic sampling method was chosen to sample the soil. In order to assess the properties of soil, in each zone, 10 soil profiles were dugin 0-10 meter depthand after transferring the samples to laboratory, sample’s properties such as texture, exterior specific mass, electric conductivity, acidity, organic Carbon, C/N ratio, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorous, Potassium, Phosphataze acid and Alkaline phosphataze enzymes were measured. SPSS software and non binary T-test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that planting Populous deltoids and Fraxinus excelsior species causes no meaningful difference in exterior specific mass, electric conductivity, acidity, organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorous, Potassium, Phosphataze acid and Alkaline phosphataze enzymes’ values. However, soil’s C/N ratio revealed that there is a meaningful difference between two grosses at 95% confidence interval. The higher amount of this value in Fraxinus excelsior gross than Populous deltoidsmeans that organic Carbon is higher in Fraxinus excelsior gross. Additionally, the higher amounts of Nitrogen and Alkaline phosphataze enzyme in Populous deltoids gross compared to Fraxinus excelsior demonstrates the higher effect of this gross on microorganisms’ activity and soil’s productivity.

Management of proper and optimal use of irrigation water in the agricultural section, by the correct estimation of the plant's water requirement and understanding plant limitations such as dehydration, is very important. This study was conducted in a factorial split randomized complete block design with three replications to investigate the effect of irrigation management and plant mulch on seed yield and some agronomic traits of peanut,in Gilan province (AstanehAshrafiyeh city) in the spring of 2018. Irrigation at three levels, including rainfed, 50 and 100% water requirement of the plant,was used as the main factor and the herbal mulch application values at 3 levels of 0, 2 and 4 cm along with peanut varieties of Guil and Gorgani as factorial were applied as the sub factors. The results showed that irrigation×mulch managements have significant effect on the number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight and seed yield at 1% level.Irrigation×mulch had the highest seed yield and pods per plant, 100-seed weight in 100% water requirement and 4 cm treatment were respectively with 2275 kg ha-1, 77 number, 67.4 g and 94.9%. Among the two cultivars of Guil and Gorgani, the maximum number of pods per plant belonged toGuil cultivar (an average of 56), which was 9.8% more than Gorgani cultivar. The maximum number of seeds per plant was in Guil cultivar with an average of 56, which was 7.8% higher thanGorgani cultivar. The most suitable cultivar, based on the number of seeds per plant, is the Guil cultivar that is recommended for cultivation in the study area.

In this study various methods of tillage after Wheat harvest to planting Forage Corn as a major factor in five levels and varying levels of crop residue as a sub factor in five levels examined and evaluated. The statistical design used was split plot with 3 replications and 75 plots respectively. The main treatments differed only in the mean height of stem and performance that for both traits, the major T1 (moldboard plow plus twice perpendicular disk) and the major T3 (once disc) are allocated to the maximum amount and the minimum amount respectively. Burning of crop residues in the mean height of stem, significantly contributed to the lowest level. The mean height of stem in the treatment of remaining 50 percent remains and use of Chopper device are allocated to the minimum amount.

The mushroom industry is one of the young and valuable industries. Since the establishment of the first edible mushroom production units, the quality and quantity of this product have been a major concern for the producers. Edible fungi, including Agaricusbisporus, are an important part of the diet in many countries. The formation of the sexual organs in the fungus requires the vegetative phase to be reproducible.Agaricusbisporus requires a layer of soil with specific physical, chemical and microbial properties to stimulate and initiate primordia.In this study, Azotobactersp. (1658PTTC) strains and Pseudomonas Putida(1694PTTC) strains were prepared from the microbial collection of the Iranian Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. Fungi were cultured on the compost at two concentrations of 1.5×10 8and 3×10 8CFU / ml. In conclusion, the results showed that in the case of Azotobacter,at least in the first flush (first harvest), the fungus had no significant effect on soil N content. It may become effective in the third flush where soil nitrogen levels decrease. However, Pseudomonas putida, at a concentration of3×108 CFU / ml in post-cold conditions, is able to increase crop yield by up to 50% in the first flash.

Today, attempts to identify antifungal plant compounds for the treatment of some fungal diseases such as dermatophytosis are growing. The present study was carried out to examine the effect of methanolic extract of Zhumeriamajdae on Trichophyton rubrum(PTCC 5143), Trichophyton mentagrophytes(PTCC 5054) and Microsporumgypseum (PTCC 5070). In this study, the alcoholic extract of the aerial part of the plant was prepared by Soxhlet method. For this purpose, two methods of disc diffusion and agar dilution in two forms of macro dilution and micro-dilution were used and the inhibition zone diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit 80% of fungi (MIC80),minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) in the presence of extracts, and terbinafine were determined. According to obtained results, the highest inhibition zone diameter and accordingly themaximum sensitivity to extract related to Trichophyton rubrum, followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporumgypseum