فصلنامه اقتصاد کشاورزی
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1398)

High dependence on the import of red meat and livestock inputs and the lack of domestic production of these products in Iran have caused any change in import policy of these products will affect the welfare of many producers and consumers. Due to the close relationship between import of these products and food security and the welfare of the society, recognizing the factors affecting the import demand of these products is important to proper policy making in livestock sector. In this study, the factors affecting meat import demand (including veal, lamb and chicken) and livestock import demand (including corn and soybean meal) have been investigated using imperfect substitute model. After performing statistical tests, the import demand functions of the products were estimated using simultaneous equations method. The variables affecting the impor demand of these products include tariff rate, GDP, real effective exchange rate, domestic production and relative price of imported products. Based on results which showed that tariff rate has significant effect on the import demand of veal, chicken, animal corn and soybean meal, it is helpful to use this tool to control the import quantity of veal, animal corn and soybean meal, whereas changing tariff rate to control the import quantity of lamb do not have much effect. Also, it was found that the import demand for livestock inputs was highly elastic to change in real effective exchange rate. So, it is necessary to prevent unreasonable increase in exchange rate and its fluctuations.

poultry is one of strategic and economic agricultural products in Iran due to its important role in gross domestic product, employment and export. Therefore, investigating the efficiency of broiler chicken breeding units and trying to improve their efficiency and optimum use of resources have special importance. In this paper, the interval fuzzy and robust data envelopment analysis models are used to concentrate on DEA with uncertain data for poultry farms in Khuzestan province. To this end, the achievement of sub-objectives such as estimating the optimal use of inputs in inefficient units and comparing the two methods of RDEA and FIDEA in terms of their capability against uncertain data is also considered.The results showed that the average technical efficiency of poultry farms in RDEA model at three probability levels of 10, 50 and 100% was 88%, 91% and 93%, respectively. In fact, the same amount of output can be achieved by improving production management and by reducing 12%, 9% and 7% of the total inputs respectively. In the FIDEA model, if poultry use 20% of their resources optimally, the average efficiency of traditional poultry varies from 88 to 96% and in semi-traditional poultry from 80 to 91%. Additionally the RDEA approach provides both a deterministic guarantee about the efficiency level of the model, as well as a probabilistic guarantee that is valid for all symmetric distributions. Since the Monte Carlo simulation model proved more capable of the RDEA model than the DEA and FIDEA models, it seems appropriate to use the results to improve the status of inefficient units.

Today, may countries have prioritized the tourism industry for sustainable and sustainable growth. Among the different forms of tourism, agricultural tourism can be one of the ways to reduce farmers' risk as a complementary agricultural activity, Because agriculture is affected by many uncontrollable factors. But to prevent the negative effects of agricultural tourism development, a strong interaction between different aspects of agricultural tourism needs to be established. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sustainability of agricultural tourism through sustainability indices in three economic, social and environmental dimensions. To achieve this goal, the required data and information were collected in six top tourism-agricultural cities of Kerman province in 2017 using documentary method and questionnaire and survey of Delphi tourism and agricultural experts. Then, using mathematical programming model with the help of Spss, Excel and Gams software, the level of sustainability of agricultural tourism is practically determined in the selected cities. The results show that due to the available facilities and lack of proper infrastructure, the environmental dimension of agricultural tourism is not acceptable and has an inappropriate status compared to other aspects of agricultural tourism. The stability of this dimension was obtained in Kerman, Bam, Jiroft, Rafsanjan, Sirjan and Zarand respectively, 0.191, 0.226, 0.182, 0.122, 0.132 and 0.109, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary for the development of agricultural tourism to pay more attention to the principles of sustainability and protection of the environment, while achieving the benefits of agricultural tourism and preventing its environmental damage to sustainable development.

This study intents to investigate the raised question “how does climate change affects wheat yield?” Rain-fed wheat farming as a sensitive crop to climatic aspects was investigated regarding the study purpose. Utilizing the random function of the Just and Pope (1978, 1979), and feasible generalize list square approach, the role of climatic and non-climatic factors were evaluated in the mean and variance of yield in six regions including Abadeh, Eqlid, Marvdasht, Shiraz, Larestan and Lamerd (1374_1395). The results demonstrated that the precipitation as one of the most important factors, climate change phenomenon has positive significance on rain-fed wheat yield, thus the precipitation can predict 1.61 percent of variation of rain-fed wheat yield. Moreover, the precipitation and temperature as a reducing risk inputs are effective factors to rain-fed wheat yield of Fars province. Findings illustrated that climate change provides the condition for temperature to be able to compensate loss due to reduced precipitation. According to study findings, some suggestions were presented to policy makers in designing mitigation and adaptation strategies for rain-fed wheat farmers in response to climate change like using heat resistant seed and mechanizing cultivation of rain-fed wheat.

Individuals’ willingness to pay reflects their well-being or utility at presence of any improvement such as low prices or availability of health-based products. In order to examine the effect of switching from conventional to organic rice consumption on utility of households in Shiraz, their willingness to pay for such a change was estimated applying open-ended conditional valuation data and Heckman two-step procedure on the data acquired from 600 respondents by filling out a random questionnaire in June 2018. The results showed that about 89.3% of people are willing to pay a price premium for organic rice compared to the conventional rice. According to the results of Probit model, women are more likely to buy organic rice than do men. Also, the less the household size the more likely families are willing to consume organic rice. However, estimation of Heckman second stage showed that the effects of these variables on the price premium for organic rice are not significant. The effect of education level on selection and willingness to pay a price premium for organic rice was positive and significant. So that, the probability of organic rice to be selected by the head of households with a college degree is 61% higher than that of uneducated households. In addition, the willingness to pay of consumers with a college degree is estimated to be about 39% more than those of the others. The effect of household income on selection and willingness to pay for organic rice was found to be positive and significant. According to the results, the probability of choosing organic rice by high-income households is 73% higher than that of low-income ones and their willingness to pay is 32% more. The findings showed that there is a potential consumption market for organic rice in Shiraz and rice producers in Fars province can benefit from it and start cultivating organic rice.

Agriculture has always been a hazardous activity, and today, especially in developing countries, conclusion of contracts has been very effective in increasing incentive for farmers to produce. But point in most contracts is that most farmers are forced to circumvent the contract or assign the product to other groups in order to achieve faster sales of product. In this study, we tried to investigating factors affecting on conclusion and implementation in agricultural contracts as well as redistribution of income between different contracting groups among tomato farmers in Kermanshah province in 1397. The sample was surveyed by Cochran formula in 150 farmers in Kermanshah plain. Questionnaires were completed from each farmer by face-to-face interviews. Regarding the division of variables based on three types of written, oral and non-contractual agreements, multinomial regression model and regression switching approach was used to measure redirected earnings among different groups of contractors. The results of the study, apart from the various effects of variables applied on the surveyed groups, showed that the farmers group with a written and uncontracted contract receive 49 and 46 percent of their income by handing them over to the other group. Also, farmers with oral contracts without a contract also receive 42% and 52% of the income from switche their product.