نشریه پژوهش نامه حقوق بشری
پیاپی 18 (زمستان 1398)

Targeted killing is an extrajudicial killing that used to gain power or eliminate opponents. Targeted killing as an extrajudicial crime, is a term that has become popular in International Law and International Relations in recent decades, especially after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. After this event, The United States, by declaring war on international terrorism (al-Qaeda and the Taliban), has emphasized the targeted killing of members of the groups through operations of Special Forces and UAVs. The majority of law professors consider targeted killings as an act contrary to the principles and foundations of international law; because it has been a long time since it happened, the Taliban government has been overthrown, there is no armed conflict, on the other hand it violates the principle of non-use of force and the principle of Airspace Sovereignty and also it kills a large number of civilians. In one of these cases, Iran’s Top General Qassem Soleimani was martyred in a targeted assassination attack by US aircraft at Baghdad International Airport. It seems that the continuation of these extrajudicial measures will become them into a norm and customary law and it destabilizes the security of the international community; so it is urgent that the international community take the necessary steps to confront it.

Despite the advances in the Western human rights in recent years, Not only violence against women remains but its scope and dimensions have been extended. This issue comes at a wider scale when women are targeted at domestic and international armed conflicts. Since the suffers and injuries of this semi-human population have an impact on the health and well-being of communities, The efforts of religious thinkers and scholars to develop and implement legal-operational solutions are required. The present paper uses an analytical-adaptive method while answering the question “What are the legal protections of women in armed conflicts? “And Review the legal and supportive mechanisms of women in armed conflict within the Islamic system and the international humanitarian law system. Studies have shown that despite the adoption of several conventions, several years of international support, laws and legal protections, in addition to deficiencies, lack executive guarantees.Meanwhile, Islam’s legal-support mechanisms, in addition to wisdom, widespreadness, double enforcement, and some unique privileges, still enjoy superiority. However, in order to ensure the rights of women and to cope with the obstacles and challenges ahead, a revision of the dynamic of Shiism and religious ijtihad is required.

Sport is one of the most important activities of human life that has considered in all human societies. Today, sport is structured and developed and in addition promoting the health of communities, it has important functions to promote the growth and development of societies. Developed countries consider sport as a tool to their economic, cultural, and even political goals and plans. Today, sport is not for men and female participation in sports increased dramatically. Women’s sports are generally accepted throughout the world; and women enjoy equal rights in sports. There is a long history of women’s sports in Iran and the presence of women in sports has been remarkable in before and after the Islamic Revolution. This research tries to answer this question by using descriptive and analytical method How do women enjoy sports rights during the Pahlavi era and after the revolution?

International peace as an ideal has been a concern for governments and nations that have been involved in violence and war since many years ago. In the age of information and the creation of new communication technologies and expanding human relationships, a new communication world has emerged that can play an effective role in minimizing the risk of conflict among governments. By new media, we can imagine a space where the unique characteristics of the media like fast and cheap transfer and also mass of information can revolutionize the definition of accepted concepts such as culture, language, race, peace, and so on. One of the most important requirements for achieving the goals is creating a strict link between the nations and informing them to create a global alliance. In this regard, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has stubbornly tried. The study examines the question: withdevelopment of technologies and increase the users, what is the impact of the International Telecommunication Union on world peace and international security especially after the Cold War?