مجله مطالعات برنامه ریزی سکونتگاه های انسانی
پیاپی 48 (پاییز 1398)

Abstract Establishment of human settlements and modality it is distributed at the surface of the land will be the combined power of the region. On the other hand, the pattern of urban and rural settlements in the context of areas with each other can express the concepts of territorial convergence and divergence. These concepts together form the spatial organization of cities, and on the other hand, they will also help to understand the hierarchy of these settlements. The present study was conducted with the aim of spatial analysis and studying the hierarchical system of cities in Mazandaran province. This research is an applied extension research. Because, while developing the study frameworks, it provides the necessary background for future analysis and the research methodology is descriptive-analytic. In this paper, the trend of distribution of urban population of the province in the 1987-2017 census was investigated by applying models such as rank-size, Lorenz curve, condensation coefficient, entropy coefficient, primacy city index and hierarchical profile. According to the findings of the research, the distribution of urban population of the province in the different classes is relatively balanced, although the share of Sari, Babol, Amol and Qaemshahr is higher than other cities, but cities with a population of less than a number are more numerous and the dominance of Sari city in the hierarchy system The provincial city network is negligible

Urban planning for the purpose of development and alleviating injustice is of prime importance in developing countries. Urban planning requires recognition of areas and regions in terms of development. Alleviating injustice in attaining resources and facilities is one of the criteria of development. The concept of development involves balanced distribution in addition to comprehensive growth. The balanced distribution of facilities is a step toward removing regional differences and appropriate dispersion at city level. The Balanced development of places necessitates a precise and comprehensive investigation of economic, social, and cultural issues, and the recognition of the needs of the society and their development. For this reason, one of the common criteria of urban planning is leveling regions based on the enjoyment of different indexes of development. In the current study, using three techniques of Taxonomy Technic, Morris Technic, and Topsis Technic and 63 criteria of development in environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic, physical fields and the development level of urban areas in Esfahan has been analyzed. The method is descriptive-analytic and is developmental and applied. The findings reveal that district 3 ranked the first based on two models of Taxonomy Technic and Topsis Technic and ranked the second based on Morris Technic. The district 11 was recognized as the most deprived one based on the three models.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between rural partnership and poverty situation (in different social, economic and political aspects) in the rural district of Saravan, located in city of Rasht in Gilan province. Predictor variables in this sturdy include partnership (in different social, political and physical service aspects), attitude towards partnership, the approach to partnership and criterion variable includes poverty in political aspects. The type of research is applied-developmental and the study method is documentary, analytical and survey.In order to complete the information, a questionnaire is used. In analytical method, each desired component is introduced according to the proposed theory. Accordingly, each component with multi-reagents identify the degree of partnership and its role in rural development; then, components of poverty in political, economic and social aspects and the relationship between these two variables of partnership and poverty is investigated using multiple regression model in SPSS software. The statistical population of the study is all rural households in Saravan. 370 samples were chosen using Morgan table. The results indicate that the issue of poverty in different dimensions and levels of partnership are related.It means that each unit increase in partnership, 0/728 units reduce in political dimensions of poverty, respectively. In other words, by increasing each of the partnership indexes, the partnership approach and attitude towards partnership in social, political and economic dimensions of poverty reduce too.

Today urban management has changed into one of the influential factors on the citizens' life and they are always in touch with it. Measuring people's satisfaction of the urban services is of paramount importance for determining their quality. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the city management from the view point of the citizens. The method used is descriptive and researchers have used questionnaires in order to obtain the citizens' ideas.All the citizens of Pasdaran neighborhood in the city of Tabriz forms the statistical population who were selected using chi - square method.For testing indexes, regarding the multitude of the samples, T-test was used.The results showed that the satisfaction of the residents is medium to low. The results using Friedman test showed that the greatest amount of satisfaction goes to higienics and environmental cleaning using trash coellecting and street cleansing with 3.70 points and the least amount goes to letting the reside take part in city affairs with 2.15 points.The final results based on the Chi-square and Spearman tests showed that there is a significant difference between level of education and age as the independent variable with satisfaction of the city management as the dependent one. The results also showed lack of any significant correspondence between the variables of gender, income and marital status with level of satisfaction in the studied area.

The first criterion of judgment about city is quality of their public spaces. Therefore, understanding and conception of their users is important. The public spaces are important part of cities because of more interactions between people occurs in there and it consistent of parts that people have physical and visual access to them. There are great indices to measure the quality of urban public spaces. Project of public spaces (PPS) is a non-profit organization that its purpose is planning and programming to create and maintain the public spaces and to construct cities with appropriate structure. According to this, it can evaluate a place to four criteria: sociability, availability and integration, use and activities and finally, comfort and perspective. The present paper seeks to measure the desirability of the urban public spaces from perspective of young people toward it. In this research, the methodology was survey and questionnaire as instrument for data collection was used. Multistage cluster sampling was sampling method. A sample of 376 young people between the ages of 29- 15 years was determined according to the last census in Ghaemshahr. The analysis of information did by SPSS. The results showed that sociability, the availability and integration, user, activities and finally perspective evaluated in moderate level by young people. There were significant differences between respondents to assessment of desirability of space by gender. In fact, female have more negative perspective toward desirability of urban public space.

Today planning and designing pedestrians could increase sustainable development and social interactions. So to do this, it is required to recognize challenges and potentials of making pedestrians and to recommend some solutions to deal with them. What is needed is to recognize strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of making pedestrian in this city. The research is applied in terms object and in terms of nature is descriptive- analytical. In order to collect data, documentary and field studies were utilized. Statistic population of the research is involved the down town’ experts and guilds which were chosen intentional. So, in the field studies strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of Sareyn were recognized in terms of indicators. Given to the factors, some strategies were proposed by SWOT. Then by experts and guilds remarks one of the primary strategies were chosen and by QPSM, final strategy were chosen through the primary one. By the field studies, as internal factors, 8 weaknesses, 8 strengths, and as external factors 14 opportunities and 5 threats were recognized. Given to them, 4 offensive strategies, 4 conservative strategies, 2 competitive and 2 defensive strategies were proposed by SWOT. Finally conservative strategies were chosen and the results of QPSM showed that strategy of “organizing streets and parkings” with 5.11 and strategy of “organizing green space and open space of the passage” with 2.5 are highest and lowest strategies.

.Abstract An important part of resilience in urban systems is the concept of residual physical dimensions that systematically analyzes elements and physical structure. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the physical resilience of metropolitan areas of Karaj based on the electric model. The research method was descriptive-analytical. A part of the research data from the comprehensive and detailed design in the form of thirteen terms of the physical-spatial components were selected based on expert opinions and hierarchical techniques. The rest of the information was collected, evaluated and evaluated through library study, documentary and survey using questionnaire and interviewing tool. Data needed for research after extraction using SPSS software were ranked and analyzed by non-parametric statistical methods and electron microscopy. The results show that the total area of one, eight, seven and nine due to the relatively regular segmentation system and the standard width of the standard, the general quality of the existing structures is the most resilient to the physical and 11 and 12 regions and parts of the neighborhoods of Islamabad and Karaj Square due to the uneven distribution of open space and enclosure of public passages are the most desirable places in physical resonance. Keywords: Electric model, Environmental hazards, Resilience, Physical, Karaj metropolis

Introduction Cities are always the centers of innovation, innovation and creativity. Richard Flouride believes that cities are in the midst of creativity, which have always been the wheels of movement, focus, and guidance of human creative energy. The quality of life in the city is directly affected by the kind of look at urban issues. Urban creativity as a strategic approach can affect the quality of living in the city Methodology The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of membership on the network of UNESCO cities and its impact on sustainable urban development in Iran. Case study was carried out in Rasht. The present study was carried out using a researcher-made questionnaire with a sample size of 384 people in the city of Udan, Rasht, in 1397. A simple random sampling was done. In this research, the instrument used includes a researcher-made creative city questionnaire with three components (economic, social, cultural) and sustainable urban development with three components (economic, social, cultural, and environmental). SPSS is used to analyze the data. Results and discussion The research findings showed that the creative city has been effective in sustainable development of Rasht. As the social and economic components of the creative city change, the sustainable development of Rasht's urban development varies as much. Also, the findings showed that the economic component of the creative city is more important among the components of the creative city regarding the impact on sustainable urban development in Rasht city.

Lack of a comprehensive approach to municipalities’ revenue sources in the form of macro-economic system, changes and interventions, self-reliance and self-sufficiency policy enforcements for municipalities have put financial sector of municipalities in unsustainable situation. Continuation of this situation will have undesirable consequences and social costs for cities and urban management. Review of metropolitan revenues can be used as a pattern for reform and of municipalities’ financial structure. This applied study has a descriptive- analytical method. Data collection was carried out by documentary and field survey and the data was collected by studying written sources, statistic and incomes and costs of Qom municipality during 2007-2013 as well as interview with Head of Income Studies of Qom municipality. The results show that revenues of Qom municipality during last years have been highly unsustainable and dependent on revenues from sale of properties. These revenue sources that is considered as a part of national sources and citizens’ wealth can be turn sustainable sources for the municipality by tenure or implementation of investment plans. Given the role of religious tourism in Qom, it is recommended that Qom municipality implements commercial and recreational projects in partnership with private sector it is recommended that Qom municipality in partnership with the private sector implement income-generating projects such as commercial and recreational projects. On the other hand, medical tourism despite low cost services delivered to patients, long-term accommodation in city in order to completion their course of treatment can be have significant income for urban economy and the municipality.

The aim of this research is to apply Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) approach for security improvement of Hematabad district in Isfahan as the case study. To achieve this goal, we used documentary and surveying methods for data gathering and geographic information system (GIS), SPSS and expert choice software for data analysis and overlaying. Results indicate that Hematabad district have a lot of potential point for crime in term of CPTED approach and in terms of the principles of CPTED approach (Consists of "enhancing natural surveillance", "enhancing natural access control", "Territorial reinforcement", "Protection and maintenance of environment" and "community-based activity support"). Also, the results show overall, according to the measures of the CPTED, most of these potential points for the occurrence of crime are located in the piriphery the Hemmat Abad district in Isfahan, not in the center of the district. This is especially due to the lack of "natural surveillance capabilities", "community-based activities" and the "protection and maintenance of the environment" in these areas.

The concept of sustainable development can be mode of balance between the different dimensions of development considered, which aims to satisfy the needs and improve the quality conditions human life. Therefore, in order to achive sustainable development, appropriate utilization of resources and the creation relationship balance and equitable between human, society and nature, the ideal aim development planners and managers, particularly rural development is to be considered. Rural population our, affect under trends and policy of recent decades transformations has been widely, but evidences show that rural areas tend to move toward instability – particulary social instability. Accordingly with reviewing theories of sustainable development and social sustainability, we designed a questionnaire in order to measure subjective social sustainability criteria of rural areas which its criteria has been valued using Fuzzy Delphi method and subsequently Fuzzy TOPSIS technique was used in order to analyze the villages over 1000 residents of PaeenVelayat rural district and in order to achieve this goal we distributed 384 samples among mentioned villagers of rural district. The methodology of research is Descriptive-Analytical. Results show that all social sustainability subjective criteria of Kasrineh and ZendehJan are placed in sustainable cluster, but the village AshratAbad zard are placed at least sustainable cluster.

Factors such as altitude from the sea level, gradient, geological structure, fault, water resources, soil, vegetation and land usage, each are the natural bed that their effectiveness has an effective role in evaluation and identification of suspectible and unsuspectible areas in evaluation of the dangers of rural areas. The present study in the manner of type is an applicaple-developmental research and its methodology is of library and field study type. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the environmental, ecological capability of the Aq su area of Kalale township in order to evaluate the danger and therefore, after identification of indicators, the effort was done to conduct a local data base in the Arc GIS . Next, after standardizing these indicators with the method of phase logic and AHP in the software atmosphere utilizing the identification tools, each of the indicators were given a certain weight. Afterwards with combining and overlaying these indicators, based on AHP model and phase logic, the final map indicating appropriate and inappropriate areas was collected. The area under study in the collected map was divided into three layers of very appropriate, appropriate and inappropriate in order to program for any type of inhabiting activities.

economic sustainability aims to create a fair and balanced growth of human societies, Guaranteeing the enjoyment of individual human beings over time without compromising on biological, natural and cultural resources. The purpose of this study was to measure the sustainability of rural economic indicators in Rudbar county. This research is an applied and descriptive-analytic research method, the statistical society is comprised of all households living in rural areas of Rudbar county, which according to the census of 2011 has 37,910 populations and 11929 rural households. Since the number of households in the villages of Rudbar did not have the necessary coherence and consistency, the stratified random sampling method was used, which was classified into 4 categories and Finally, the sample size was determined using the Cochran formula of 327 household heads. To analyze the indicators used by the MORRIS model to evaluate the economic sustainability of sample villages, we use the VIKOR model as well as SPSS and Excel software. The results of the research show that none of the 30 indicators used was stable, 6 indicators have a relatively stable status and 24 other indicators are in an unstable state. It also shows the results of economic sustainability measures among 20 sample villages Chichal village with coefficient of 0.18 at the highest level of sustainability and Joben village with coefficient of 0.88 was the most unsustainable village according to economic indicators.

Geographical location and communication Zabol border provinces has led to the development of the city,the regional development in the province and the country's relations with the countries of the region.What is required revision in approach and application of new tools in planning.Foresight as a new approach, a process that will lead to sustainable results is planned.In this regard, this research, foresight approach to the analysis of the factors influencing the development of border cities and the influence of these factors on each other and on the future status of the city of Zabol about the study.New research method based on futures, explain and to collect information from documents and survey methods were used.For data analysis,interaction/structure is used by software MICMAC. The results showed that in the first stage, Delphi method, 25 factors were identified. What is the distribution of the variables affecting the future development of the situation in the border town of Zabol you can see,the situation is more unstable system variables are scattered around the shaft diagonal screen.So five categories(factors influencing, planar factors, regulatory factors, impressionable factors and independent factors) are identifiable.The highest amount of influence variables tourism potentials, immigration, environmental and natural and agricultural capacity, The central role of the city in Sistan area, transit benefits the East, inefficient executives and political conflict, poor of rail connections with neighboring population centers, The potential occurrence and intensity of social abnormalities,being in the international narcotics trade and the situation will be the future development of the city.

Exact and multi- directional investigation of economical, social and cultural problems and better recognition of society needs and their improvement, are essential to balances and equilibrium development of geographical spaces. Hence Health and cure services as one of main components of development has been created in line with society needs and their improvement. Purposes of this study is to investigate spatial system damages and locating pattern of cure and health land uses across 22- region on Tehran city. The present research is implicational and analytic- descriptive method has been used. Library and field studies have been used to collect data. ArcGIS program has been used to analyze data so that it can provide better locating based on the population of under investigation region and the way of accessing to clinical – health services. Therefore, the findings of the research show there are much differences among urban regions regarding accessibilities to health and clininical indices from one hand, lach of good planning for health land use in 22- region in Tehran and lack of spatial equibilium and accessibilities for regions which are uneven from the other hand. So, it is necessary to pay much attention to decrease of differences in clinical and health services of urban regions. Therefore, applied strategies are presented to get out of these problem in order to improve the condition and distribution of clinics in the different regions.