فصلنامه آمایش جغرافیایی فضا
پیاپی 33 (پاییز 1398)

One of the pillars of development, its comprehensive and integrated to meet the social and economic imbalances areas. There are different dimensions of inequality and underdevelopment are the most important characteristics that are required to resolve such deficiencies attitude and attention to the distribution of development indicators at different levels. In order to solve the problems of regional imbalance, first, to recognize and categorize different regions based on. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the development of the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province is the city. Accordingly, in this study, 8 city province on the basis of 8 indicators, education, culture-sports, religious, political-administrative, infrastructure, health, business-services and transport-communication, Based on statistical census of population and housing and Statistical Yearbook and using numerical taxonomy and topsis models, classification and to determine the degree of development of the city. Is applied research, Data of the library and survey data analysis and mapping software for Excel and Arc GIS is used? The results show that, the development in the city is not balanced and there significant difference between the levels of development of the city. So that, from a total of 8 city of the province: 2 city developed. 3 city semi-developed city and 3 city also ranks have been deprived city. Boyer Ahmad as the most developed and Landhi as the poorest city in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad is been sent. This spatial inequality in the city's development due to unequal distribution of cultural indicators, infrastructure, economic, etc. that are necessary to improve the city's disadvantaged.

Abstract. Aerosols on a global scale play an important role through the absorption and reflection of solar energy, And impacts on the formation in clouds condensation nucleus in many ecological phenomena. In the present study, we used satellite data, daily atmospheric (Aqua, MYD08-LEV3-COL5.1) In the period 2002 to 2014. Index AOD at 550 nm wavelength extracted in Iran and examined seasonally. Clouds with temperatures less than 273 ° K and below the level of 300 hPa as cold clouds selected and extracted specification, including the data: CER, CF, WV, CTT, And was calculated its spatial relationship with the AOD. The results showed The spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols greatly influenced by generating precipitation system and dust storms was from out of the area. Aerosol and cloud properties were also related. Correlation between AOD and water vapor for the cold season in most parts of area was positive and strong also, the desert and the mountains and the coast was a positive correlation in summer. And other areas showed a negative correlation. AOD correlation with cloud water vapor was same and cold mountainous and coastal areas, especially on the highest showed negative correlation. In summer, mountain and coastal areas also were positively correlated And the rest of region showed a negative relationship. AOD correlation with ratio cloud for the cold season and only a very weak negative correlation was strong on the desert regions most of the negative correlation was found acceptable in summer. CER also a significant association was found for the cold season. Western the mountainous regions in spring and summer in the desert regions of central and eastern negative correlation showed positive correlation.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and for weighting the indicators, the hierarchical model of AHP and for evaluating and ranking the resilience of each of the urban areas of Tabriz, decision-making techniques of TOPSIS and VIKOR have been used. In this study, five physical parameters including materials or skeleton of the building, the quality of housing, antiquity of buildings, facades of houses and the number of floors are studied. The analysis of the results shows that Tabriz is in a median desirable status in terms of physical indicators. In terms of the five optional index, the indexes of materials have the lowest desirability, and the quality of buildings, the antiquity, the façade of buildings and the number of the floors respectively are the next indexes. Also the index of the floors of the building is above the median (0.500) and the four other indexes are less than the median. Also, in terms of the indicators of materials, quality, the antiquity of buildings and facades, district 1 is in the most desirable status and in terms of the indicators of materials, district 2 is the most-undesirable status and in terms of the indicators of the quality of houses, the antiquity of buildings and the facades, district 5 is in the most-undesirable status. Also in terms of the material indexes, district 8 is in the most desirable status and district 6 is in the most-undesirable status. Finally, according to the results of VIKOR, district 3 is the most resilient against hazards and district 2 is in the lowest level of resilience.

Today’s world is witnessing a great leap toward the better and the most qualified life. Efforts to improve the quality of urban life is a major concern of the experts. In this way attention to cities as centers that are the main drivers of this flow is very important. The intense competition among cities as tourism destinations has forced cities to find solutions to be differentiated from other cities and tourism destinations. Focus on the development of creative industry and deploying of creative cities strategies is one of the ahead solutions for today’s cities. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of tourism potentials in the life quality and in the formation of the creative city in Kermanshah city. The research method is analytical-descriptive and the main instrument of data is questionnaire. Statistical population of this study is the residents of Kermanshah city and the sample size for this research is 385 that is obtained from Cochran formula. In order to analyzing the result of questionnaire, the structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS software is used and for obtaining the needed map, the GIS software is used. The results showed that tourism potentials are effective in the life quality and life quality is also effective in creating the creative city and the meaningful level for both of them is less than 0/05. Therefore, with identifying and introducing all the potentials to the all, the conditions or backgrounds of the creative city can be provided. Therefore, according to historical, cultural record and many tourist attractions in Kermanshah and with introducing these potentials to all and developing infrastructures for tourism developing and prospering of tourism, city will be led to creativty

The study of the river basins’ terraces is one of the major issues related to river geomorphology. River basins are widely studied by geomorphologists as one of the alluvial and continental stratigraphic landforms to understand the tectonic time and climatic changes. Ghezel Ozan River has well responded to the climatic, lithological, and tectonic conditions as one of the longest river systems in Iran. To study the effects of the climate on alluvial terraces, present isothermal and isohyet maps are mapped using the topographic and geological maps of the area with the help of computer software such as ArcGIS, global mapper, and Excel, and climatic data. From the remaining evidence of quaternary glacial cirques in Zanjan topographic maps, Qaranghochai and Kordestan, the permanent snowline has been reconstructed using Porter’s Cirque - Floor Method with the help of thermal and humidity anomaly. The study of alluvial terraces above and below the Quaternary snowline altitude using field evidence suggests that the effect of the glacier on the formation of the terraces depends on the elevation of the basin. The estimated height using Porter's Cirque - Floor Method in Ghezel Ozan basin suggests that about 7.5% of the basin has been influenced by the glacial process during the cold quaternary periods. The elevation of the water and ice equilibrium line indicates that 65 percent of the basin has been affected by the adjacent glacier process and could have been affected by tongues secreted from glacial cirques, but field evidence suggests that only glaciers fed from high mountains have contributed to the formation of U-shaped valleys and alluvial terraces. The adaptation of the canals and glaciers tongues to the faults of the region has created water- glacial- tectonic valleys in Zanjanrood sub-basins. Although the depth of these valleys is less than the valleys in the Ghezel Ozan headwaters, their elevation difference compared to the plains of the region is such that they are symbolic of disturbances in the plains of the region.

The site selection is the best and most favorable point is the location and seating, So that concealing and hiding manpower and equipment and activities in the best way possible.. The aim of this study is to identify the establishment of military bases and border city of West Azerbaijan and analysis of environmental conditions and suitable location will be for the construction of military bases.Methods is that, questionnaire survey method first, military experts and geomorphology of the factors in locating military bases were collected. The layers required digitization of the existing map database in Arc GIS software procurement and weight data was performed using ANP.fainaly The area is totally inappropriate zoning map was prepared to fit perfectly. results show that None of the barracks are appropriate in the circumstances and Only Garrison Imam Sajjad almost totally appropriate and army barracks 64-foot Urmia situation is totally inappropriate. According to the average value, the mean score of all garrisons 3.13, which means the establishment of garrisons is averageMethods is that, questionnaire survey method first, military experts and geomorphology of the factors in locating military bases were collected. The layers required digitization of the existing map database in Arc GIS software procurement and weight data was performed using ANP.fainaly The area is totally inappropriate zoning map was prepared to fit perfectly. results show that None of the barracks are appropriate in the circumstances and Only Garrison Imam Sajjad almost totally appropriate and army barracks 64-foot Urmia situation is totally inappropriate. According to the average value, the mean score of all garrisons 3.13, which means the establishment of garrisons is average

Transport as an effective factor in the growth and development of communities plays an important role. Development of the transport network will lead to fundamental changes in economic activity. Railroad of the most important factors of global economic development during the industrial revolution in the leading countries in moving towards development. Iran, due to rail crossroads of the world is very high on the path of movement of transit goods from the Central Asian countries. So, in this article is to examine the geographical distribution of the rail network, then using the technique VIKOR paid to the rankings of the rail network, The present study was cross-sectional in nature and in terms of the objective, is developing. In this study, the indicators used by the Islamic Republic of Iran railway used. These indicators include: length of main lines, the number of employees, number of passengers, one passenger kilometers, tonnage of loaded, load tonne-kilometer border, total gross tonnage, the gross tonne-kilometer, the number of wagons loading, domestic load income, income transit and revenue incoming and outgoing cargo. The results revealed that that the best areas of Tehran and Khorasan rail is common in the country. As well as with Iran at the crossroads of the world rail axis East is of great importance, this are the only ocean port, the port will be connected to the rail network, so the shortest route for transit goods Central Asian countries, the transit market. The rail network connecting all strategic points in this regard to land use objectives will be achieved.

In today's world of rural tourism as an important economic sectors and a way to save the village from poverty and migrate along with other species of interest to scholar's tourism is tourism. In this regard, the services offered to tourists (accommodation services, welfare, etc.) and its quality is outstanding and tourists determines the quality of services provided. District Papi in the city of Khoramabad due to certain geographic locations and enjoy the beautiful nature, numerous waterfalls, oak forests and mountains of snowy and wet springs one of the most important centers of the province is rural tourism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of services provided in the village's gap between perceptions and expectations of tourists using the services and As well as prioritize and classify them according to the basic elements, and motivational elements of KANO model is yield. For this purpose, 170 comments from tourists who have chosen rural area for tourism Papal cross and was selected by convenience sampling method and was completed questionnaire distributed among them. The results Research show that, among the elements of society and natural factors, there is a gap between expectations and perceptions of tourists, But other factors such as the underlying infrastructure and residential facilities, access to health services, road safety, the gap is visible. Kano model results also show that the landscape and the natural landscape by a factor of 0.821 satisfying the functional requirements, Experience a new and different life styles of urban life by a factor of 0.800 satisfying the performance requirements, communicate and interact with local residents and authentic rural life by a factor of 0.518 satisfaction is the basic requirement.

Shiraz, Fars province and the area seismically active part of the Zagros folds and has high seismic potential is continuous. Saadi town located in the district 3 city, with an area of approximately 312 hectares and a population of about 55,000 people, has very old residential area that is the subject matter of the vulnerability of the city to the earthquake crisis compounds said. The purpose of this research was to investigate the status of city buildings Saadi of Shiraz, according to the criteria of vulnerability to earthquake.The current research is of developmental-applied studies in terms of its aim and of descriptive-analytical studies in terms of its nature. Population of the study, all the city buildings and the statistical sample, Saadi of Shiraz settlement building is located in the municipal district 3. To collect data, from surveys and field studies used a library and according to the information obtained, go to organizations related, use of comprehensive plans and detailed city and define measures of vulnerability maps prepared for each indicator. Finally, after weighing criteria using AHP and Expert Choice program, use of GIS capabilities in overlapping data layers, the final plan of the vulnerabilities of the studied area is obtained The results indicate that the town of Saadi of Shiraz with dense texture and old, have a high vulnerability to the earthquake and the tombs of the densely populated residential neighborhoods and surrounding buildings are not in good condition, which is essential to the standardization and retrofitting homes to be more careful.

Cities have been developing since the Industrial Revolution. growth of cities had many Influences on the environment. As a result of the increase in incompatible effect of the urban growth, United Nations considered the necessity for sustainable development issues in cities and that became agenda for governance and planners. One of the key elements of sustainable development is that humans live in the range of biological capacity. Ecological Footprint Method have been used for Measuring Sustainability of Great Cities like London, Santiago and Liverpool. This paper examines the ecological footprint of Gorgan County. It tries to answer the question whether the Ecological Environment of Gorgan county support basic needs of its population? This paper has been done by descriptive method. The findings of this study show that the ecological footprint of the city of Gorgan in food consumption, waste, transport, electricity, natural gas heating, water and housing was 1.24 hectares. The lowest amount of ecological footprint is for the land of waste disposal and the highest amount is for electricity power. Since the environmental capacity of Iran is 0.81 hectares and calculated ecological footprint of Gorgan is 1.24 hectares, that means Gorgan Ecological Footprint is 1.53 times more than the average capacity of Iran and 1.92 times more than the average capacity of Gorgan county. By comparing the biological capacity and the ecological footprint, it can be seen that Gorgan has ecological deficit. In other words, Gorgan environmental carrying capacity has crossed and If current consumption trends continue in the future, the natural environment cannot meet the needs of the population, and greater support area for their consumption needs must be provided. Therefore, the most logical solution to reduce the ecological footprint of humans on Earth, is to reduce the amount of per capita consumption, and this is only possible with the participation of citizens and trying to reform the consumption pattern.

One of the key factors in the rapid growth of population density and urbanization, especially in recent years. Mainly by population growth, Development of cities into metropolises and Increasing migration into cities from across To increase several times the population they last and Cause much problems for urban transport is the necessity of finding a solution for street networks or transportation systems, traffic facilities and installations for reducing such problems. Based on this, the present study aims is the Analysis the land use in intra-urban transportation system Kerman City. Research methodology is descriptive – analytical based on the questionnaire analysis among the experts who are aware of the urban transportation. For this purpose, 136 experts informed of the current state of city were selected as the sample Reliability of used data was calculated 0.849 by using Cronbach Alpha . Finally, according to the index of intra-urban transportation conditions were analyzed by using of software (ARCGIS, SPSS), and statistical tests ks, Tukey. For weighting the criteria and sub-criteria of the Shannon entropy and for ranking the areas of multi-criteria decision-making models (Saw, Vikor), was used. Results of one-way analysis of variance also show that there is a significant difference in quality of intra-urban transportation in districts of Kerman City in such a way that Tukey test has identified this significant difference in several levels. Finally, on the basis of Saw technique, districts 2, 1, 3 and 4 and based on Vikor technique districts 2, 1, 4 and 3 are ranked, respectively. Generally speaking, it can be said that on the basis of four indices of assessment, Region 2 Kerman is more desirable. And region 4 has adverse condition of intra-urban transportation indices is than other area.

This study purposes to identify and analyze the synoptic-dynamic patterns of the inclusive summer super-heavy rainfalls in the southeast of Iran. To do so, the rainfall data of 14 synoptic stations and 126 raingauge stations were investigated over a 26-years period of time between 1989 and 2014.The criteria, considered in this paper, for the inclusive summer super-heavy rainfalls, is the rainfall for which the Standard Score during 24 hours is “99th” percentile and more than that and also it covers at least 50 percent of the area under study. Using this criteria, heavy rainfall for 22 days was identified. In order to extract the effective synoptic patterns in the super-heavy rainfalls, for every rainy day the 0.75*0.75-degree data including sea level pressure, geopotential heights of 850, 700, 500, and 200 hPa, and zonal and meridian components of the wind flow at the levels of 850, 700, 500, and 200 hPa as well as the specific humidity of 1000, 850, 700, and 500 hPa were received from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and plotted in the GrADS environment. Analyzing different synoptic maps at different levels demonstrates that three patterns of trough, low-pressure Monsoon , and high-altitude have the main role in occurrence of the summer super-heavy rainfalls in the area. One important point about the identified patterns relates to the amount of their specific humidity which ranges from 10 to 20 g / kg at sea level and 850 hpa; This means in the presence of ascent, thermal or dynamic, the summer super-heavy rainfall can be expected.

Strengthening urban rural links with the aim of economic development and poverty reduction depends on local, regional, socio-economic and ecological conditions, and existing flows between urban-rural settlements and resulting regional network can create urban-rural links and lead not only to the establishment of spatial networks, but also to pave the way for the establishment of social networks. This could provide a suitable platform for integrated rural urban development. Using a descriptive-analytical method and logical deduction framework and selection of 20 border villages as a sample and viewing the international border as a spatial reality, this article aimed at analyzing spatial flows between rural and urban settlements in border areas of the Golestan province, through which we can explore the possibility for the establishment of a regional network based on links and integrated urban rural development. The results show that there is a direct correlation between flows and the level of development of rural settlements to form a regional network and the existing flows between urban and rural settlements in studied area within the framework of a regional network includes three local networks. In the west coast of this area, Gumish Tappeh city as a small town and village-city of Simin Shahr and surrounding villages have formed a local network (based on the village system of Simin Shahr). On the eastern coast of the Madarshahr district in Gonband and Inche Borun city have formed a local network (based on the village system of Inche Borun). And the middle areas of the city of Aq Qala and the village of Anbar Olum and the surrounding villages have formed another local network (based on Anbar Olum village system). A local network is forming in the westernmost part of the studied area including Gonbad City and its villages (Dashli Borun village). Keywords: Regional Network, Local Network, Rural System, Turkmansahra, Rural-Urban Development

In recent decades, the necessity of paying attention to the quality of life of villagers in large scale planning, on the one hand, and increasing the damage caused by natural hazards on the other hand lead to highlighting the physical programs in rural settlements of the country. However, the important point that should be considered is that the physical structure of the villages is impoverished due to their historical background and in most cases does not correspond to the current conditions of the villager’s life. Therefore, physical reconstruction is one of the most important rural programs which is currently considered in most villages and can result in have many effects on the villager’s quality of life. So, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of physical reconstruction on the quality of rural areas in Mian Velayat and Tous rural districts. The research methodology is a descriptive-analytical and considered as library and field study. Survey method in the form of a household questionnaire has been reviewed by 9 villages of Mian velayat and Tous located in Mashhad city. The results of this study showed that, based on t test, the most effects of the implementation of the physical reconstruction plan on the environmental quality components are related to the formal components with an average of 3.38, and the least significant effect on the semantic component with an average of 2.86. Regression results, however, have shown that the functional components of physical reconstruction shows the highest effect on the quality of the rural environment with a coefficient of 0.345, and formal component with a coefficient of 0.204 has the least effect on the quality of the rural environment. Also, using the gray model, prioritization of villages in terms of the most effective effect of the modernization plan was carried out on them, according to the results; Nazeriye village ranked first with the coefficient of 0.839 and Kharabe Amin ranked the last with coefficient of 0.509.

Tehran Metropolitan Region presents heterogeneous spatial distribution of population in different settlements due to abnormal high growth rates, and migration of different classes with different socio-economic characteristics which has led to socio-spatial segregation and formation of specific spatial structures. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of socio-spatial segregation of occupational and educational groups on spatial structure of Tehran Metropolitan Region and how this trend changes over the period of 2006-2011 based on morphological approaches. The methodology is quantitative from the viewpoint of the method of research work, descriptive-oriented in terms of purpose and in terms of type, is practical. So, according to the population and housing census data conducted by Statistical Center of Iran in the years 2006 and 2011,3 general methods including the rate of inequality of the social groups were studies using Gini coefficient, Kernel Density method were used in order to analyze how the spatial distribution of aforementioned groups in Tehran Metropolitan region and The relationship between classes contribution of different social groups and Distance of each Spatial unit from the Principal City of Metropolitan Region(Tehran Metropolitan) were analyzed through geographically weighted regression. The result shows that the inequality of occupational and educational classes were lower middle based on Gini coefficient and The Spatial distribution of classes of social groups using the Kernel Density method, demonstrate the transition from monocentric to polycentric spatial structure in some classes of social groups and Geographically weighted regression considering each of Reviewed groups, Indicates a decreasing trend in the rate of impact of their contribution to each of the spatial units by distance from the principal city in most classes.

River bank erosion is a major management problem in alluvial corridors. Every year, structures and farmland Lavij riverbank are in risk of change the riverbed and bank erosion. Thus any operational and administrative facility on the edge of the river should be based on knowledge of future mobility river and prediction of erosion. In recent years the use of numerical modeling for determining channel mobility, and thus defining the extent of the erodible corridor have improved. In this paper was simulated Lavij river bank(reach 20m) using by bank stability and toe erosion model. The purpose of this simulation is to predict the regression of river bank and estimate the amount of sediment. For this purpose, the cross-section geometry data, discharge and flow data of the river, geotechnical data of forming layers and bank covering data enter the model. Model, for both the bankfull and peak discharge was simulated. The simulation results showed that river bank is unstable and undercutting and bank erosion is active. The recession and bank erosion, during the peak discharge was significantly higher than the current bankfull discharge. It also turned out, the bank recession in lower layers cohesionless sediments, mainly of gravel and cobble stone are far greater than the in upper adhesive layers. River bank erosion is a major management problem in alluvial corridors. Every year, structures and farmland Lavij riverbank are in risk of change the riverbed and bank erosion. Thus any operational and administrative facility on the edge of the river should be based on knowledge of future mobility river and prediction of erosion. In recent years the use of numerical modeling for determining channel mobility, and thus defining the extent of the erodible corridor have improved. In this paper was simulated Lavij river bank(reach 20m) using by bank stability and toe erosion model.