نشریه مطالعات کارآفرینی و توسعه پایدار کشاورزی
سال پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 20، زمستان 1397)

In response to problems with environmental degradation, environmental entrepreneurship is one of the strategies that has been introduced to convert traditional economic to green one, in recent years. This kind of entrepreneurship connotes the idea of developing an enterprise while at the same time demonstrating a concern for ecological and social needs of present and future generations. In developing countries, in particular, small and micro enterprises, account for the vast majority of enterprises and they account for the large contributions of pollution and resources consumption, too. Therefore, noticing them and harness the initiative of local entrepreneurs to consider environmental concerns and responsibilities in small-scale entrepreneurial activities can promote the development of eco-innovatons and the emergence of green industries. The present paper uses a library-documentary research to first consider the concept and the nature of environmental entrepreneurship and environmental entrepreneurs; then, rural small and micro enterprises, and the relationship between enviropreneurs and these kinds of enterprises are studied. After that, the barriers and opportunities of environmental entrepreneurship and the experiences of some successful countries to promote it are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of entrepreneurship lesson on students' entrepreneural intention in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The statistical population of the study consisted of 168 students receiving formal education in entrepreneurship and 141 students not receiving formal education in entrepreneurship. Using Cochran’s formula and proportional stratified sampling method 76 students receiving formal education in entrepreneurship and 70 student’s not receiving formal education in entrepreneurship were selected as the sample of the study. Data was collected through a questionnaire the validity of which was confirmed by faculty members and its reliability for different parts of the questionnaire was assessed through Cronbach’s-Alpha which was 0.623 to 0.892. The results showed that there is no significant difference between two groups of recipients and non-recipients of formal education in entrepreneurship in terms of entrepreneurial intention. This study recommended pay attention to the expansion of the teaching environment to the real business environment and close interaction of students with experienced people with the aim of strengthening the students' entrepreneurial intention.

Since the nature of cooperatives is based on collective action, the way we look for and manage innovations to enhance these entities should also be collective. Collective Innovation is a suitable approach to deal with current problems of the value chain in the Agricultural Production Cooperatives. This applied research was carried out using a survey research method. The statistical population of this research consisted of all members (shareholders) of the 13 agricultural production cooperatives in the Kurdistan province (N=3500), of which 346 were selected using a cluster sampling technique. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was determined based on expert's view and reliability was confirmed based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient for different scales (from 0.853 to 0.932). According to research findings, main collective innovations in the several components of value chain was described, including (1) New crop cultivation,(2) The use of new inputs, (3) The use of new planting techniques and techniques, (4) Use of resources and assets, (5) Human resource development,(6) Packing products, (7) Product processing, (8) Grading products, (9) Labeling in the form of a specific brand, (10) Development of a reliable distribution network for the supply of the product to the market, (11) Formation of capital and financing, (12) Development of new infrastructure for the production and supply of the product, (13) Purchase of new machinery and equipment, (14) Risk management, (15) Coherent interactions with partners, (16) Advertising on products and capacities of the cooperative, (17) Customer Relationship, (18) the use of new communication and Internet technologies.

Today, entrepreneurship is important for the growth and development of villages. Rural entrepreneurship and the ecosystems that support it are known as a practical solution for rural development. Rural ecosystems are often characterized by scarcity of infrastructure and financial and human resources, weaknesses in government support programs and relatively weak communication and information networks, More expensive access to large markets and low levels of economic activity. As a result, entrepreneurship in rural ecosystems is less based on opportunity and more based on necessity and coercion. Enhancing the rural entrepreneurship ecosystem can be a suitable strategy for accelerating the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas. Therefore, the present study has been conducted with a comprehensive review of the literature on the field of entrepreneurship ecosystem, with the aim of describing the effects, elements, characteristics and necessity of strengthening rural entrepreneurship ecosystems. In this research, first, the concept of rural entrepreneurship and rural entrepreneurship ecosystem has been addressed and then, the economic, technological and social impacts of rural entrepreneurship ecosystems have been discussed, and then the importance of the elements of the rural entrepreneurship ecosystem has been discussed and finally, the characteristics of entrepreneurship ecosystems are described.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the qualitative content of research related to the concepts of entrepreneurship ecosystem and start-ups. For this purpose, sources published between 2010 and 2019 (85 sources) were selected and reviewed. The results of the content analysis led to the separation of seven dimensions related to the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Dimensions were: Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Dimensions, Entrepreneurship Development Policies, Entrepreneurial Problems and Barriers, Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Success Prerequisites, Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Stakeholders, Entrepreneurial Development Strategies and Entrepreneurial Ecosystem. Other research results indicated that about 40% of the resources surveyed had quantitatively studied the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Most of the resources were implemented by organizations, targeting 40% of resources for managers, entrepreneurs and business owners. Data were collected through a questionnaire in half of the sources. In terms of geographical distribution, most sources at the international level have examined the dimensions of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. In addition, a review of the year of publication of the published sources revealed that during the 10 slides, there was an increasing trend in selected sources in the field of entrepreneurship ecosystem.

The development of Rural Food-Processing Industries can play an important and constructive role in increasing the income and promoting the livelihood of the villagers as the main contributors to food production and organizing the economic situation of the villages. These industries are very important solutions to balance and respond to challenges such as poverty and low income, urban and rural imbalances, low-income agriculture, migration, labor supply and food security, but they are facing with problems that have not been able to develop in terms of production, rural entrepreneurship and employment. This research was carried out with the aim of problems Identification of Rural Food-Processing Industries in Kaboudarahang Township of Hamadan province. The study population consisted of 79 units of rural food processing industries in kaboodarang County, Hamadan province that using purposeful sampling method and snowball technique. Data collection techniques were semi-structured interview. Based on the data analysis, the studied Food-Processing Industries had numerous problems in financial and credit, legal, organizational, marketing, educational, managerial aspects. The other major problems were the existence of speculators and unauthorized competitors and natural disasters. Finally, suggestions were given by unit owners about the problems.

Promoting the country's agriculture is an important part of the workforce as a key factor in the agricultural sector and is looking for suitable opportunities and ideas to create businesses and promote entrepreneurial businesses in the agricultural sector. The path to economic development can be enriched by boosting entrepreneurship in small and Medium Entreorises. The purpose of this study was to analyze the barriers to entrepreneurship development in SMEs in the framework of descriptive-survey research. The statistical population of this study consisted of 4532 units of SMEs in Qazvin province in 2016. The sample size was 354 units of SMEs selected by random sampling. These industries were in the main groups of Food industry, Horticulture, Agricultural mechanization, livestock and Fisheries. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated 0.88 to determine the reliability of the questionnaires. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the opinion of experts in the field. After completing the questionnaires and collecting data, SPSS software was used for data analysis based on exploratory factor analysis technique. The results of factor analysis of development barriers in SMEs resulted in the extraction of seven barriers. In order of importance, these barriers include financial, scientific, educational, knowledge, strategic, policy, marketing-sales and environmental barriers that account for 72.265% of the total variance of barriers to entrepreneurship development in agricultural businesses.