نشریه دانش شهرسازی
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 8، پاییز 1398)

Today, Tehran has many problems that we have named the most serious of them as the tribulations. These tribulations create conditions that pose a serious threat to life and identity in Tehran, and already the need to think about these tribulations and their roots has emerged. In this article, we are looking to answer the question of what is the root of today's troubles in Tehran. By using the qualitative interpretive-hermeneutical method based on semi-structured in-depth interviews with experts, the roots of Tehran's tribulations were discussed. The result shows that urban planning in Iran both in the field of education and in the field of profession requires a serious review. According to the results of the paper, the provisions of this review must firstly recognize the inseparable nature of urban issues; secondly, accept that urban issues originate from the intellectual, educational, social and economic fields, and therefore is a system that cannot be eliminated by a separable analysis. Thirdly, according to the preceding point, to resolve issues, it should not be relied solely on technical instruments of the field and profession and should be systematically and holistic considerations of intellectual, educational, social and economic backgrounds. Fourth, it should be noted that the human behavior and the abovementioned fields have a dialectical relationship, therefore, any mutation and progress in human behavior can also take place in the context and has a double effect on the return to human behavior.

The issue of justice and its link with space in the form of spatial justice discourse has become one of the main topics in urban issues in the last two decades. In Tehran, due to extensive spatial changes, especially in recent years, the spatial sensitivity to the justice and knowing the processes and regulations that lead to it is a very important issue. The purpose of this study was to present a different analysis of spatial justice discourse based on dialectical formulation of this concept and its measurement in Tehran. The methodology of research is a mixed method with an emphasis on the qualitative method, so that a quantitative approach has been implemented following qualitative approach as a complementary. In this regard, after the final selection of the criteria of spatial justice discourse based on the theoretical frameworks, with regard to the dimensions considered for the research; at first the document of the urban management policy-making based on these criteria from using the method of theme analysis has been evaluated and in the next step, the results of urban management policy-making in urban space has been examined through secondary analysis and the analysis of the results of existing statistics. The results of study are explained in the form of two concepts of injustice of spatiality and spatiality of injustice. In the framework of the first concept some areas and dimensions of spatial justice have been considered as relative in the document of the urban management policy-making. In the framework of the second concept that it is possible to understand injustice in space by analyzing distributed patterns, the result indicates that the spatiality of injustice has an objective appearance in the context of implementation in Tehran. And the desired goals of urban management policy-making have not been achieved in many areas.

The rapid growth of cities and the lack of attention to the spiritual needs in creating a calm enough for residents that has led to a decline in quality of life is a problem that most cities in the world are facing. To overcome these challenges, several perspectives have been developed to achieve sustainable development; one of the latest and most successful approaches is the Slow City Movement, which began in October 1999. This paper examines the origin, concept, characteristics and indicators of the Slow city and assesses the factors affecting the realization of the Slow city in Mehrshahr. The research method is a meta-analysis based on indigenous indices and questionnaires. After identifying the indicators of the Slow city from foreign studies and according to the situation in the study area, the overlap of the indicators based on the research topic and the ability to measure these indicators in the region has been made. According to the Delphi method, 36 indicators in 6 categories of components include: environmental protection (6 indicators), political infrastructure (6 indicators), urban quality (6 indicators), local products (7 indicators), hospitality (5 indicators) and knowledge and information (6 indicators) were extracted in order to assess the factors affecting the realization of the Slow city of Mehrshahr. Factor analysis of affecting the realization of Slow city in Mehr Shahr by using factor analysis, 5 categories of final factors affecting the realization of Slow city approach in Mehrshahr were obtained which explains the first factor of 13.77% of total variance and includes 9 main indicators affecting the realization of Slow city approach in Mehrshahr.

The urban neighborhoods have a long history of urbanization and have undergone extensive changes over time and during these changes, sense of place belonging which is one of the communication bridges of citizen and living environment, has been declined. Then, the metaphor of the neighborhood and its changes in adaptation to contemporary periods, is only an issue that it should be attention by planners, urban designers and architects. The objective of this research is to achieve alternative futures based on different metaphors of neighborhood in creating the sense of belonging and to identify the possible scenarios of neighborhood for future in order to preserve cultural, social and physical values of neighborhood based on sense of place belonging. The present study using Causal Layered Analysis method in four layers of analysis including Lithuania, macro social causes, discourse - worldview and metaphor - myth, is attempted to achieve an clear understanding of the causes these changes, is provided the alternative futures for the concept of urban neighborhoods based on alternative metaphors of this concept focuses on a sense of place belonging. By using of purposeful sampling, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts who had sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of subject matter and sampling was continued until the theoretical saturation stage. Based on the research results, four scenarios of smart neighborhood, global neighborhood, sustainable neighborhood and flexible neighborhood have presented.

Historical pathways have been a network of interconnected routes that shaped the form, scale and the spatial distinctiveness of the public domain in old cities. The diversity of form and physical characteristics of pathways could lead to a typological approach in which various criteria like the design aspect, emerging form, physical diversity, texture and material, specific and iconic features and spatial proportions are taken into consideration. The organic nature of historic urban fabrics reveals the diversity of the pathways as the most eminent and most present factor to show off the differentiation between the districts and as such, each pathway could develop an exclusive image for each area or subsection of the historic city. This article seeks to prepare a typology of historic pathways for the olden Shiraz. To accomplish this mission a group of twenty characteristic pathways with a variety of dispersion has been chosen. Using the analytical criteria derived from the field study and former investigations, these pathways have been thoroughly analyzed to make a list and furthermore the typology. Results show that despite the common basis of all pathways as the components of an interconnected network throughout the old city, the characteristics of each pathway stemmed from the cultural context, location, function and its specified role, had ended with the formation of a very diverse list of pathways considering design aspects making the spatial diversity and continuity become tangible. This diversity perfectly demonstrates the vast capacity of the old city to create a multiplex integrity of distinguished linear features, the pathways, as a dynamic urban network.

Housing indices are efficient tools in evaluation of the principles and polices involved in residential planning. Such indices provide a visible and precise picture of the housing conditions and illustrate the shortcomings and the advancements in achieving the goals set by the housing sector. Unfortunately, development of cites and the growth of indices related to density in solving the problems of housing have an eye on quantitative features neglecting discussions on quality. Today, cites in Iran are facing quantitative growth and arguments on sustainability as a qualitative concept are dramatically absent from the scene. Cultural sustainability plays an important role in sustainability of future developments and it is necessary to pay special attention to cultural values alongside the physical-spatial principles while licensing any kind of building project in residential planning programmes. The present study aims to establish a physical-cultural order, with emphasis on indices of density and cultural indicators in line with residential sustainability programmes, to examine the role of density in form and physicality and its effect on cultural sustainability of residential complexes. Utilizing library research, field study and distributing questionnaires, this study will survey three residential areas in city of Tabriz with equal coefficiency in density to examine cultural sustainability ratio with reference to six factors of equality, nature, proportions, privacy, security and contribution. The results show that apart from coefficient density, as the most prominent indicator, sustainability within boundaries is related to qualitative sub-indicators of density like level, ground space, and open spaces which again lead to modification of physical order in the complexes.

Today's unofficial neighborhoods are major issues in major cities. There are many reasons for the formation of these types of tissues in cities. Orumieh city which is one of the relatively large cities of Iran and the second most important settlement center in northwestern Iran, It faces the problem of suburbs in its body. This research, which identifies and describes the type of informal textures in Urmia, is in terms of applied and methodological, analytical-descriptive. For this purpose, at first, five basic criteria with seven sub-criteria that are involved in the typology and identification of informal textures are selected and then, the conceptual model and the internal relation between the criteria were organized by the ANP network model. Then, using the Super Decisions software, the weight of the indexes was obtained and in ArcGIS all the relevant information layers were formed. After creating the map from above layers, by applying the weight of the criteria, the combination and overlapping of the layers, the overall condition of the city of Urmia was obtained in terms of indexes and urban texture typology. Finally, by appropriate classifications in the ArcGIS environment, informal and marginal neighborhoods were fully identified.