نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 49 (دی 1398)

The Syrian Kurdistan Autonomous Region (Rojava) is that part of the international system's anarchy where each of the two American and Russian superpowers try to maintain their hegemony in Syria by adopting diverse patterns of balance of power. Given that the main issue of the neo-realism is centralized government, international anarchy and power and security, and considering the exceptional situation of Syria, the United States and Russia are trying to expand and complete their structure of influence and supremacy by providing the highest level of relations with the region in providing its national security components, because Syrian Kurdistan is the center of gravity between the two Sunni and Shia streams in Syria. So, as the third line of the military-political stream in Syria, they will be able to play a role in balancing power in Syria’s future, and in the meantime, given the regional and trans-regional rivalries of the two superpowers, the Kurds can also secure their strategic benefits from this balance of power in the future Syria.

The first formation of nationalism as the ruling ideology can be seen in the first Pahlavi era. This period deserves serious consideration and discussion since the perceptions and concepts that were promoted in the political structure of the first Pahlavi era have been the basis of debates that have continued to this day. While understanding the process of consolidation of the nationalist identity pattern in the first Pahlavi period, this article tries to analyze its internal elements and components around the four main axes of national unity, archaism, attachment to the homeland, and the continuation of the monarchy and the king's pivotal position. In the following, the foreign policy and orientation of Iran during the Reza Shah era - which was deeply influenced by the nationalist approach in Iran's international relations - is discussed. In this regard, this question arises: What are the principles of the identity of the government in Iran during the first Pahlavi era and what was its impact on Iranian foreign policy and international relations? In response, it is hypothesized that the identity of the Iranian government in the first Pahlavi era was based on a focus on Iranian nationalism in the country that, in terms of mimicking Western culture and abandoning the Iranian culture, caused inefficiency in domestic affairs and a lack of proper foreign policy in international relations. This research is written using library resources and with a historical-analytical approach.

There is no definition of murder in Iranian criminal law, but it can be defined as killing another human being. In Canadian criminal law, the legislator has described the murder as the act that intentionally leads to the death of another person. Intentional murder is a personal and individual crime, in addition to being a public crime. Like other crimes, intentional murder has elements and pillars from which this criminal phenomenon arises. In criminal law, the crime of intentional murder, like all other crimes, is subject to all three legal, material and spiritual elements. The psychological element of intentional murder is referred to as the mental interactions and criminal thoughts of the offender and is of great importance because the quality of that element has a marked effect on the type of homicide and on the level of punishment for the offender and can turn the criminal title of intentional murder into an unintentional homicide or a pure error. In Iranian law, homicide is subdivided into intentional murder and unintentional homicide, and even the legislator has distinguished the unintentional homicide resulting from driving violations from other types of unintentional homicide. In Islamic Penal Code of Iran, there is only one type of intentional murder. In addition, there is a difference between the punishment of intentional and unintentional murder and the severity of punishment between the two countries. According to the reaction of the Iranian penal system, punishment for intentional murder is execution according to Qisas (is an Islamic term meaning "retaliation in kind"), and under Article 229 of the Canadian Constitution, the punishment for intentional murder is life imprisonment.

Referring to jurisprudential and legal texts and the views of Shiite and Sunni scholars and professors, some have argued that “non-profit” and “loss of interest (profit)” are different and others consider both to be the same. Therefore, with the aim of examining the role of insurance companies (insurers) in covering non-profit damages, we investigate these cases. Non-profit insurance is a type of monetary loss insurance. Monetary loss insurance is an insurance that is intended to guarantee the insured's non-pecuniary compensation, such as loss of income, profits, rentals or monetary devaluation. In fact, non-profit in the general sense includes the realized and probable loss of interest, and only the realized lost interests can be compensated. In this article, the non-profit in a particular sense is considered and guaranteed. By examining the laws and regulations and the compliance of legal provisions on the subject of non-profit and its insurance, it will be beneficial to conduct a broader research and analysis in order to elucidate a fair and rational conclusion in order to effect compensation for non-profit losses. With this view, the present study attempts to first discuss the basics and conditions of this type of insurance along with its contracts and types, as well as to analyze the views and theories of jurists and juris-consults in a concise and short manner in order to obtain a just and reasonable conclusion.

Human Resources is one of the most important and critical parts of any organization, and its effectiveness and productivity can be enhanced by proper management and command. Meritocracy is a subject emanating from the ideology of Islam and it (i.e. appointing competent people for various posts) has been emphasized and recommended repeatedly in the Qur'an and the religion. In fact, the cornerstone of successful organizational performance is the competency approach. Today, one of the most important issues and subjects that are overlooked in the efforts to reduce crime, is the role of managers and commanders. The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between the appropriate appointment of managers and commanders and the crime reduction, and the library method has been used for this purpose. Finally, what can be cited is that in the various theories common in Shari'a and customary laws, the appropriate appointments have a direct and effective impact on the reduction of crimes, and if somewhere, the manager/commander or his/her subordinates have committed violations, the requisite competence (necessary commitment or sufficient expertise) has not been seen or found in that appointment. The opposite is also true in selecting a competent manager and commander.