نشریه کاوش نامه زبان و ادبیات فارسی
پیاپی 42 (پاییز 1398)

The human societies have to follow the requirements and the elimination of the concepts of class and dignity and their associated class phenomenon respect. The main manifestation of this phenomenon is language. In language, it would be special and distinct structure appears. In this study, the structure of the respectful language on Tarikh-e- Beihaghi, in the range of Persian language studied. In this regard the determination of several non-structural measures such as addressing and the absence, in their own language and the language of the characters and the Beihaghi dual-respect, respectful language structure is classified into four subgroups. The first subset of attributes that are associated with individual words and concepts are respected added. The second subset based on lack of direct action organized in one respect. The third set includes the following positive attributes that are added to respect the person's name. And the fourth set of prayers that come at the beginning and middle of a conversation with someone you respect or talk about. Finally, with regard to the data obtained in the four subsidiaries, style Beihaghi date in respect of the structure of language is explained.

The main activity of Academy of Persian Language and Literature is accompanied with progress and development of country on the basis of the science and in this regard the terminology work groups have dealt with the specialized and scientific lexis. In this research we study approved terms of Academy of Persian Language and Literature based on linguistic and morphological approaches to present optimal ways for terminology work and word formation. The research is theoretical and the way of research is content analysis in method of qualitative analysis. The terms and the related data which are all the approved terms of Academy of Persian Language and Literature, thirteen note (1395-1376), which were collected in library method. The findings of the research revealed that Academy of Persian Language and Literature did not exploit of all potential and actual abilities of word formation in Persian language and word formation based on derivational morphology is the best solution for deficit of lexis of Persian language. The study showed from all the approved terms (32800), about 1310 loan word ( except for Arabic words and omitting the common words), about 17 terms reduplication( omitting the common words) and just 7656 terms ( omitting the common words) were formed from main ways of word formation and the rest of terms are calque and there is not any innovation in the approved terms of Academy of Persian Language and Literature.

The study and analysis of literary texts with modern scientific approaches is a step towards identifying language features, their style and sometimes their content in a systematic manner based on figures. One of the ways to achieve this goal is to analyze and evaluate works that have a common genre, as well as similarities in terms of language and writing. Therefore, in the present paper, we are going to analyze and evaluate the historical and cultural context on the language of two valuable works of Persian literature, Golestan  and Baharestan, by using a descriptive-analytical and statistical method, with the interpersonal metafunction in SFL. If Sa’di’s Golestan and Jami’s Baharestan have a similarity to the same literary-intellectual tradition, then the question is how the historical and cultural context has an effect on the language of these two works, and also modality in these two texts, how much can be a reflection of the cultural history of the two texts? Hence, in the present research, about 1500 chosen clauses have been selected from the joint chapters of these two works. According to the findings of this research, the impact of cultural context on the language of Golestan and Baharestan is evident and caused differences in the writing of these two texts, which is discussed in detail in the paper.

Following the explanation of the historical position of Shahnameh, in this study, Firouz’s character in Shahnameh has compared with the Islamic historical texts, and it became clear that Shahnameh is one of the reliable historical sources too, and in general, is consistent with historical texts about the adventures of Firouz era; as Firouz's rebellion against his brother, Hurmazd, and taking the reign, seven years famine, Firooz's humanity, and the management of the crisis during the famine, the construction of cities in Firouz era, Firouz’s war with Khoshnavaz, the defeat of Firouz in confrontation with Khoshnavaz and being killed in the bay, appointing Sufra and Belash in the capital during the battle in front of Hephthalite’s king, twenty-seven years of the reign of Firuz, taking revenge from Khoshnavaz by Sufra and the return of trophies and captives, are all mentioned in Shahnameh and most of Islamic historical sources; and there is a conspicuous reconciliation between Shahnameh and the historical texts of the Islamic period. Obviously, in some details, there are differences between Shahnameh and the historical texts; as in the length of the period of famine, the duration of the kingdom of Firouz, the number and names of cities were built by Firuz, the method of his war with Khoshnavaz, his reactions in confrontation with Hurmazd, the reason of his war with Khoshnavaz, and his companions in the battle with Khoshnavaz, there are some differences between Ferdowsi's narrative and some historical sources.

Vahshi Bafghi, by presenting enduring works in Persian poetry, is one of the poets who, despite the adherence to past literary pioneers, has been able to rid himself of mere imitation and go beyond it. Instead of arrogant inspiration and the use of hollow technics, he has focused his efforts on promoting meaning and language in an easy and unobtrusive language. Among his innovations are the changes that have been made in some of the subcategories of lyrical literature. In this article, we have tried to consider some types of literary and lyrical literature. Some of his creations are wider and more well-known, like his role in improving the attitude in the sonnet and synthesis, the creation of Masnavi Farhad and Shirin and the Observer and Observed, the initiation of various types of satire, such as the letter of letter and letter of honor, the expansion of the creativity in the form and weighing of the lighter, the compilation of compositions with the theme of poetry and wisdom and other types such as: Mourning, Baptism, History, Debate, Neglect, Ephesus, Blessed are also less well-known innovations.

Mirza Mohammad Khan Majd al-Mulk was one of the political, critic and writers of Qajar period and his"Majdieh epistle" is one of the first literary Persian critique that before the victory of constitutional Revolution has been written and the defects and the disturbances of Nasseri era has illustrated in firm, critical and humorous publication. This essay tries to study this work in a descriptive, analytic way. The author by using the master piece of Persian literary, times subtle and deep recognizing, rich living language and using the artistic elegances skillfully has been criticized by ministers, government agents, scholars, mystics, the monarch and educated people, and the spread of bribes dedications, inappropriate ethics and undesirable manner of governors rulings, heavy taxes on the people, the profiteering of the religious authorities, the hypocrisy of the mystics, the silence and negligence of the king, and the superficial knowledge of educated people who returned from Europe. Majdolmolk, with a close look at the Qajar era, using various capacities of the Persian language, and finally the artistic use of rhetorical techniques in criticizing the epoch situations, has presented a magnificent work in the field of critical literature that can be a critical example of critical literature.

One of the most important characteristics of the Khorasani Poetry Style is “literary representation”. The poets of this era were so bounded to objectivism, that their poems are a mirror before the face of historical events of the day. In this era, governmental shelter on Persian language and literature caused a qualitative- quantitative development of the poets and their poetry. Among the poets of this era, Farrokhi Sistani and Manouchehri Damghanai have spent their life in the Ghaznavids’ courts: Farrokhi in the king Mahmud’s and Manouchehri in the king Masoud’s one. Although these two poets live in the same Ghaznavid’s court, in very closed periods of time, and both have the same Khorasani Style in their poetry, there are differences in the method of their representation of historical realities, along with some usual similarities. In this survey which is held through a library- comparative- analytical method, we will try to show the similarities and differences of their way of representing the historical events and characters. It is cleared that these two poets are both subjectivists and have shown the features of their own lives, related political men, praised men, disfavored men, and simply described ones, along with historical events like: wars, deposals, installations, celebrations, and the mourning ceremonies. However, there are differences in the amount, accuracy and favoritism of the data which are bounded to the characteristic of the poet and the day’s necessities.