فصلنامه اقتصاد اسلامی
پیاپی 76 (زمستان 1398)

This study examines the development within the framework of the Islamic School of Economics, focusing on the views of Shahid Sadr and Shahid Beheshti.The findings of this study indicate that the ideas of Shahid Sadr and Shahid Beheshti have been observing development in several ways.; first, in the distribution system before production, the equal distribution of facilities and in the post-distribution system, the struggle against the profitability of infertile capital Factors that indicate development. Second, the element of labor and the needs that are considered in Islamic economics is a sign of development, and their implication of development is that in eliminating inequality and its role in paying the cost of experiencing experiences, Creating social balances and fighting anti-development dependency are very influential. Third, in discussing production, preventing usurpation and imprisonment of money and wealth are symbols that will imply the development of a fair price for productive inputs and will accelerate the development process. Fourthly, in Islam, the boycotts of lucrative spending and invitations to consume as much as they need to reform the pattern of consumption and supportive development programs. Finally, attention to the critical role of the state, attention to the element of good and forbidding, are the attention to the increase in the skill and initiative of the symbols that signify the importance of developing a preventive program of corruption, social monitoring and tacit knowledge, indicating the level of development Will be the community.

Measuring of Economic Resistance in Iran (During 2011-2017) Abstract The aim of this study is to measure the resistive economy and to estimate economic resilience indicators. The general policies of the resistance economy was proclaimed with the approach of jihadi, flexible, opportunistic, productive, endogenous, progressive and extrovert to provide dynamic growth and improve economic resistance indicators and achieve the goals of 20-Year Vision Plan in 2013. In this article an attempt has done for measuring and evaluation of economic resistance & economic resilience in Iran in during 2011 to 2016 by using composite economic indicator and assigning weights for each indicator by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP method). The result of the composite economic indicator reveals that Iran's resistive economy situation move to be going forward, but in some goals as knowledge based economy, extroverting and improving in economic justice indicators, the results is not acceptable. Keywords: Resistive Economy, Economic Resilience, Economic vulnerability, Composite economic indicator, neighboring countries,

Most studies believe that using alternative contracts distinguishes between Islamic and conventional financial systems. This study, confirming the importance of this factor, focuses on the role of two other important distinguishing factors: customer preferences and supporting legal and judicial systems, as factors related to institutional environment of the financial system and effective, respectively, on its informal and formal contract enforcement mechanisms. Using game theory approach, assuming customer's different preferences and contract enforcement incompleteness, this paper models explain the role of different contract enforcement regimes and customer endogenous and dynamic preferences on the performance of financial systems. Also, using global game approach, a theoretical explanation for the occurrence of financial crises relying on the borrower runs resulting from the role of judicial system on enforcing contracts and the customer preferences has been presented. This study theoretically helps understanding the institutional roots of differences in the financial systems, specially the complementary role of Islamic educational, legal and judicial systems for the Islamic financial system.

In an Islamic society, Islamic rules must be implemented in all aspects of the people’s life. One of the areas that affects the large part of society’s life is the economy and banking sector. Measuring the degree of fulfillment the goals of Islamic economic system in the field of banking needs to index. So, the first step in the application of Islamic economic goals in planning, is the Measuring Islamic banking dimensions and its components. In order to explain the position of Islamic economic goals in the Iran banking system, in this article, first extract a number of Islamic banking indicators and then by using the secondary data, estimate the degree of compliance of the banking system with the criteria and indexes of Islamic banking. Non-parametric statistical methods named Mann-Kendall trend test and trend-free pre-whitening (TFPW) approach was conducted for detecting the trends of each factor. Improving the components of Islamic banking (Justice, economic growth, economic independence, social capital) were tested through four basic hypotheses and six Subsidiary hypotheses. The results showed that all of the hypotheses, except two Subsidiary hypotheses were confirmed. In other words, the banking system situation from the perspective of justice, economic growth, economic independence and social capital have no significant improving.

Since any society establishes unique relationships with space, environment and humans based on its ideology and worldview, and the physical and social environment of each society demonstrates the kind of look of that society to the universe; and since the specific culture and traditions of each society embrace specific patterns and reject some patterns, providing a single and universal pattern for development will certainly not be feasible. So to plan urban development, it is necessary to redefine and design the indicators of urban development by examining the indicators of global development, and adapting it to the ideology as well as the native culture of any society, and obtain the special pattern of community development. In this study, to explain economic indicators of urban advancement and excellence based on the Iranian Islamic model, at first, data were extracted from the most important economic indicators of urban development texts and articles related to Iranian Islamic cities. Then, by use of content analysis method, the most important economic indicators emphasizing the Iranian Islamic model were developed with their sub indicators. Subsequently, indicators were prioritized by AHP method to determine the importance of indices in the Iranian Islamic approach. Indicators in priority order are economic justice, economic health, work and employment culture, production, general welfare, pattern of consumption, expansion of development (services and facilities), city financial condition, ownership, housing situation, each are mesured with the sub indicators which are identified and prioritized Keywords: Urban Development Indicators, Urban Advancement and Excellence, Islamic Iranian model, Economic Indicators

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of Islamic religiousness on individual time preferences. For this purpose, the experimental method, which allows controlling the confounding variables, and, of course, is the most important and valid method for estimating individual time preferences, is used. The method used to derive individual preferences was multiple price list, in which individuals are subject to multiple monetary choices. The discount function for estimation of discount rate, which was used in this study, was hyperbolic function, in this type of function, the discount does not take place at a constant rate, but the discount is reduced by extending the time interval. The fitting of the data using the hyperbolic function showed that this type of discounting has a good fit and is consistent with previous research. In order to assess religiosity, a valid intrinsic-extrinsic questionnaire was used. valid Hexaco questionnaire was used to control the personality variable. The subjects were 120 students from Allameh Tabataba'i and Payam noor University. The least squares regression method was used to measure the effect of religiosity on time preferences. The results of the study showed that intrinsic religiosity had a negative and significant effect on the discount rate, while extrinsic religiosity had a positive, but meaningless, effect on the discount rate. Among all kinds of personality dimensions, only conscientiousness has a significant effect on the discount rate. It seems that the higher level of intrinsic religiosity, through self-control, increases the patience of the religious individual and, consequently, reduces the discount rate. The increase in conscientiousness dimension of the personality, which reflects the tendency to organize time, work regularly, and accuracy in decision making, also reduces the discount rate.

Network marketing is a new method of distributing goods that claims to be different from pyramid firms and its development is generally in the interest of the economy. In network marketing, any marketer earns money from two direct sales methods (retailers) and a marketer. In the retail market, the marketer will sell the goods at a discount from the company and without any discounts to the customer, and will pay off his income. In the second method, with the direct absorption of new marketers and the sale of the product by them and their sub-group, they receive a part of the price of the product sold (Commission). The result of the legal jurisprudence analysis, which is performed by a descriptive-analytic method, shows that the retail trade and the resulting income are consistent with the Sale with the right to terminate, and is correct and lawful. In the second method, if the commission received from the set of levels against the practice of introducing marketers in the first level is correct and lawful. But this method can not be defended in terms of economic function. In this scheme, the most profitable participates, and with the saturation of the market, a large number of marketers do not achieve their desired endeavor. Produced companies, without raising the quality of the product or lowering the price, are motivated by promise of high income earners in marketers and increase their share of the market. It is suggested that by limiting the income levels of this distribution method up to four levels) and assigning it to Iranian goods, they should be allowed to operate in a limited manner and after some time feedback should be evaluated.

Life Insurance Fund without usury: Gold Application in Iran’s Inflation Hedging Abstract The influence of life insurance in Iran is low compared to the world average. Chronic inflation and a sharp decline in the value of national currency are among the important reasons for the failure of life insurance policies in Iran. In life insurance contracts that are announced by Iranian insurers, a fixed interest rate is considered for the final capital, but according to statistical data relating to past years, the returns are not able to cover inflation. This study, while analyzing these types of contracts, shows that gold coins can be used as an inflation hedge for life insurance. This action, in addition to improving the effectiveness of life insurance, eliminates the usury nature of these types of contracts. The data processing in this study was based on an ARDL econometric method. Keywords: Inflation, Life Insurance, Hedging, Islamic finance. JEL Classification: G22, G40, E31, C22.

Every heavenly religion has a universal word The universal word of Islam is morality; it counts. In the increasingly competitive economic arena, sometimes some are willing to break the morality boundary in order to gain the necessary profits. Economic ethics must therefore be adhered to, such as the right to work, fairness, justice and installment, and to avoid vices such as retailing, usury, hoarding, extravagance, and vulgarity. If we look at the triangle of human fall in the word of the Prophet (peace be upon him), one of its sides is in the realm of economics which says: Al-Nassa al-Nassi fi al-Sala: al-Kubra and al-Harsi and al-Hassid. Yes, greed is one of the causes of human decline that has a psychological aspect. The purpose of this study is to present the psychological strategies of the Qur'an for the development of economic ethics. The method of this research is qualitative and quantitative and content analysis approach and the content analysis technique is used based on sentence unit. The statistical population of this study is 6236 verses of the Quran and the sample size is 95 verses of the Quran. The sampling method was purposive and aimed at selecting the economic verses of the Qur'an with ethical and psychological references. In this study, the cognitive, auditory, auditory, verbal, and behavioral strategies of the Qur'an for the growth of economic ethics are presented using quantitative and qualitative content analysis table tools, then its conceptual model index is also designed.