مجله محیط زیست و توسعه فرابخشی
پیاپی 63 (بهار 1398)

One of the sources of municipal wastes is hospitals and health centers. Currently in Iran, details regarding the quantity and quality of wastes generated in health centers are not available and specialists are facing many unknowns in planning, systematic and accurate management of wastes generated in these centers. This is a cross sectional-exploratory and an applied study during 2017 in health-care centers in south of Tehran. In this study, evaluating the 90 checklist set during different seasons by environmental health experts, weights and volumes of regular and infectious wastes in health centers and management of wastes generated have been determined. The weight The of waste produced per person was 24 gr for regular waste and 13/6 gr for infectious-hazardous waste and 10 gr for sharp waste referring for each day. . The volume of waste produced per person was also 0/03 liters for regular waste and 0/014 liters for infectious-hazardous waste and 0/01 liters for sharp waste referring for each day. The amount of waste generated in health-care centers is much lower than that could be a serious challenge for the waste management of these centers according to the type of their activity that is administrative and educational centers. The weakness of waste separation and not prevention of mixing infectious and ordinary waste, the need to take training and further supervision of staff. The best performance of waste management system in these centers regarding the safe and accurate disposal of sharp wastes was in Safety box.

The population of the earth between 1960 and 2018 has risen from three billion to over seven billion. During this period, humankind has made unprecedented changes in the global environment. The relationship between population and environment is a two-way relationship. On the one hand, population growth and industrial progress impact on the environment, and on the other hand, environmental changes, drought and global warming, and the melting of glaciers ... affect population dynamics. With regard to environmental issues that have become acuter in recent years due to global warming and increasing greenhouse gases, increasing attention to the problem of population growth and the impact that population growth can have on the environment, is a concern an important issue for demographers. Environmental crises, especially the water crisis in recent years, have raised the question of whether Iran is capable of sustaining this population due to carrying capacity of the land. To this end, in this study, using a library method, the relationship between population and environment has been investigated. The results of the surveys showed that with a population increase of 106 million by 1420 and 107 billion cubic meters of drinking water needed for this population, and the continuing shortage of water in the country, as well as the lack of renewable water resources, the country faces challenges in the future.

Today, changes in land use and land cover are caused by a very important factor affecting population growth. Landscape change is done by changing the cover and land use. This study was conducted to investigate, compare and analyze the effects of urban growth on the landscapes of two regions of Karaj with different structural natures and to investigate the trend of land landscape changes due to urban growth. Satellite images and landscapes were used to produce land cover maps and detect changes. Ground cover was classified into three main classes of vegetation, open space and construction. The analysis measures the landscape in area 4 indicate that a floor area of the urban construction period of 15 years, 48 percent and the effects of this growth on reducing the floor area of green and open space by as much as 19 and 39 Percentage is up. These results in Zone 9 also indicate the removal of patches of green space due to a one percent reduction in the total area of green space coverage from the total landscape. Thus, the extent and continuity of the network and reduce the destruction of open green space and urban mosaic spots, providing ecological services and improve environmental quality in these areas are threatened. Therefore, modeling the models that express the principles of land landscape ecology in urban planning and management is essential in the development, remediation, and restoration of the ecological structure of the land.

Marine pollution has long been cited as one of the priorities and high-level goals of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), with marine pollution by dumping of wastes being considered one of the most important issues raised by IMO. The present study seeks to study the performance of IMO as the authority in charge. Overall, IMO has paved the ground for tackling different types of marine pollution through changing its structure and bringing it in line with the objectives stipulated in its statute. The establishment of the Marine Environment Protection Committee and the subsequent formation of the Sub-Committee on Pollution Prevention and Response clearly demonstrate IMO's special emphasis on combating different types of pollution, particularly pollution by dumping of wastes. In addition, drafting and ratifying the special Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) and its Protocol has greatly helped concentrate efforts aimed at fighting this type of pollution. The Convention and its Protocol govern waste disposal control through implementing supervisory programs. Moreover, the Convention initially targeted disposal of a certain type of waste and further narrowed the scope of the regime gradually, which led to further protection of the marine environment and marine interests, including marine economic interests. Overall, the London Convention and its protocol have made waste disposal pollution the focus of the maritime community and provided appropriate legal tools to control and prevent this type of pollution.

In the middle of the twentieth century, human realized that if they continued to exploit nature in order to achieve their development goals, they would no longer be left with natural resources to continue their lives. To this end, it was considering ways to increase the productivity and conservation of natural resources while continuing to develop. An idea that became one of the most important aspects of the concept of sustainable development. Several conferences on environmental protection have been held in the country's development process, the last of which was the Paris Conference 2015 with the participation of 198 countries and the issuance of the Paris Agreement. The implementation of this agreement will have many multilateral effects for the committed countries. In this study, the social implications of the implementation of the Paris Agreement, which Iran is committed to doing, will be examined. The method used is the analysis of qualitative content, which is done by analyzing the text of the agreement. The results indicate that Iran to impelement this agreement and not to exceed its greenhouse gas emissions, its annual development rate should not exceed 2%. This low rate virtually drops our country from reaching the advanced countries of the world. Also in the social context, it creates backwardness and pressure on the lower class of the society with intensify of the crisis of legitimacy for the government.

Air pollution is a global threat to public and environmental health, especially in urban areas. Therefore, modeling is used to control and planing concentration of pollutants. In this paper, a model is proposed based on linear regression for short term forecasting of CO, PM10 and O3 based on meteorological parameters, and the results are presented. Data of meteorological parameters including humidity, pressure, minimum and maximum temperature, wind speed and wind direction (Birjand Meteorological Organization), and air pollution data (CO, PM10, and O3 concentrations) from the Birjand weather organization were prepared and used as daily average. SPSS16 software was used for linear regression modeling. The results showed that the highest correlation coefficient for CO pollutant with minimum temperature was 0.53 and the lowest correlation coefficient with the value of 0.166 was wtih the wind direction. The maximum correlation coefficient of PM10 contamination with wind speed was 0.33 and the lowest correlation coefficient of this pollutant with a pressure was 0.882. Finally, the highest correlation coefficient of O3 contamination with maximum temperature was 0.50 and also with regard to the regression coefficient obtained for carbon monoxide (R = 0.33) compared to the other two pollutants, has been obtained better.