پژوهشنامه اصلاح گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 32 (زمستان 1398)

In this study, in order to find the suitable tuber promoter, an experiment was conducted in Shahid Beheshti University in 2018. For this purpose, promoter sequences of different tuberous plants were searched at NCBI. Sequences were multiple-aligned and the target primers designed from conserved regions. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the desired promoter in plants of sweet potato and taro. In order to further confirmation, bioinformatic analysis including identification of cis elements, transcription factors, their function, transcription factors with high and low expression were performed. Finally, the identified promoter was compared with patatin class 1 promoter in terms of cis elements and function. Results of bioinformatic analysis indicated that the promoter has specific and general cis elements. General cis elements that are present in most promoters and are involved in activation and regulation of promoters, cellular processes, developmental processes and tolerance to biological and non-biological stresses. Special cis elements of tuber are active in expression of storage protein and starch. Comparison between studied promoter and specific tuber promoter of patatin confirms activity of the studied promoter in the tuber. A tuber promoter can be used to express various proteins in tuber plants in the future.

In order to study genetic variation and effect of drought stress on grain yield, some agronomical traits and 13 drought tolerance indices, an experiment was conducted on nine cultivars at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman research field. The experimental layout was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications under two complementary irrigation and dryland conditions. Results indicated that cultivars and environment treatments significantly affect the yield and the most of the other evaluated traits. Significant reduction was found in grain yield, flag leaf area and seed weight as a result of the drought. According to the results of drought indices and cultivars distribution in biplot, STS, YI, HARM, STI, MP and GMP are the most suitable indices. According to these results, Mahdavi, Kavir and Roushan are tolerant drought cultivars. Therefore, these cultivars can be introduced as a right candidate for the next breeding programs.

12 single crosses (F1) achieved by combining four testers and three commercial lines of tomato were evaluated for their response to water deficit stress and the combining ability of yield and some yield components. The layout was split plots according to randomized complete block design with three replications and three irrigation levels (FC, 60%FC and 40%FC). Crossing among lines and testers, seedling production and field evaluation, were conducted in greenhouses and field of Ilam University during 2014-2016. The studied genotypes were L1: Bitstoik, L2: Kingstone, L3: Petoearly, as lines, and T1: LA1607, T2: LA2656, T3: LA2080 and T4: LA1579 as Testers. The studied traits consisted of total yield, potential yield, yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, plant height and days to 50% flowering. The analysis of variance indicated that significant differences existed among, genotypes, parents, parents vs. crosses, crosses, lines, testers and line × tester for all studied traits on both non- stress and water deficit stress, which showed a significant difference between general combining ability (GCA) of parents and specific combining ability (SCA) of hybrids. In general, the parental testers, LA2656 (T2), LA1607 (T1) and Line L1 (Bitstoik) were found to have the highest GCA for total yield and potential yield, and the number of fruits per plant in both conditions. The Petoearly×LA1579 in non- stress, Bitstoik× LA1607 and Kingstone×LA1579 in mild and severe-stresses had the highest SCA for total yield. Analysis of variance for combining ability manifested the predominance of dominance gene action for total yield, yield per plant and potential yield. The general combining ability (GCA) effects were generally found higher than SCA effects in terms of the agronomic traits. As a result, the low ratio of δ2A/ δ2D showed that non-additive effects controlled the studied traits.

Testing plant varieties under different regions is necessary to assess their stability. In this study, 17 sugar beet genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with six replications in five regions including Karaj, Hamedan, Miandoab, Mashhad, and Shiraz. After checking the homogeneity of mean squares in five experiments by Bartlett’s test, analysis of the combined was performed for sugar yield. In this analysis, location, genotype and genotype × location interaction effects were significant. Based on regression coefficient and deviation from regression parameters, genotypes G2, G6, G9 and G13 were the most stable genotypes. Genotypes G2, G3, G5 and G6 had the highest stability based on Shukla’s stability variance and Wrick’s ecovalence. Based on superiority measure, genotypes G6 and G9 and based on coefficient of variation genotypes G2 and G5 were identified as the most stable genotypes. Using coefficient of determination, genotypes G3, G5 and G6 were selected and by Tai’s regression method, genotypes G2, G6 and G12 genotypes were selected as the most stable genotypes having sugar yield higher than average. Based on the above mentioned methods, genotype G2 was recognized as the most suitable genotype for sugar yield stability.

Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) is one of the most deleterious pathogens of cereal crops worldwide including Iran. The species Heterodera filipjevi is widely distributed in the fields of wheat. Growing the resistant cultivars is a suitable environmental friendly and cost-saving procedure for nematode control. In current research, the resistance of 13 indigenous wheat genotypes and seven common cultivars of bread wheat to H. filipjevi were investigated in a completely randomized design with four replicates, under greenhouse conditions. Regarding to identification of the cyst nematode used in this study, the collected specimen was diagnosed through classical and molecular methods. Based on morphological and morphometric characters of cyst and second stage juvenile, amplification of rDNA-ITS regions and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), the studied cereal cyst nematode was identified as H. filipjevi. According to the analysis of variance, the effect of total numbers of cysts and females on the cultivars was significant at 1% level. The cultivars of Bezostaya and Katae, showed the highest and lowest mean total population in soil and root, respectively. Bezostaya showed susceptible reaction, katae, Lines 84 and 85 were grouped as resistant whilst, the other cultivars and lines showed moderately resistance reactions.

Take-all is one of the most important diseases of wheat in wet areas, causing significant damage in these areas, and there has not introduced any resistant varieties against this disease until now. Therefore, efforts to identify the resistance genes to this disease and developing resistant varieties or cultivars with lower susceptible in bread wheat have a great importance.In this research, in order to identify the markers related to resistance to a isolate of take-all (T-41), a population of F2 derived from crosses of susceptible genotypes (1546 and 164) with resistant genotype (1528) and bulk segregate analysis (BSA) where used. After planting the F2 population and parents in the greenhouse and artificial infection the plants with the fungus, the plant phenotype was determined according to the amount of contamination by scoring. After DNA extraction of parents and F2 population, two bulk of DNA was prepared from resistant and susceptible individuals based on disease scores. The bulks and parental DNAs where analyzed by RAPD, SCoT, ISSR and SSR primers and PCR reaction. Among the primers are used, only one ISSR primer produced a band of 400 bp in the resistant parent and bulk which was not found in the susceptible parent and bulk. Then, all individuals of bulks and F2 where genotyped for this marker and regression and chi-square analysis showed a significant relationship between this marker and the disease score. The regrsion of disease score on band 400bp (b = -0.709) indicates that this band is more abundant in low scores (resistant individuals). Also, the distribution of F2 individuals in one of the crosses confirmed the existence of the epistatic (9sensetive: 6 semi sensitive: 1resistance) relationship

Leaf area is a key indicator for the growth and production of plant products and also determines the efficiency of light consumption. Therefore, the study of diversity and also the estimation of leaf area in different mint ecotypes is particular importance. One of the common methods for estimating leaf area is regression analysis, the leaf area as independent variable, and leaf length and width as dependent variable. In this study, leaf area of ​​18 mint ecotypes with different models of ANFIS, artificial neural network (MLP and RBF), linear and nonlinear regressions using two inputs of leaf length and width in four levels of salinity stress (control, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 dS/m) were estimated in two levels of harvesting. The results showed that there is a high correlation between length and width with leaf area, so that the width correlation with leaf area was greater than leaf length. Among the regression models in both harvest levels and at all levels of salinity stress, the NLR model is presented as the best and most accurate model. ANFIS model was harvested in both stages and at all levels of stress was more accurate than other models and less error rate was obtained. Also, the results of cluster analysis showed that there is a good variation between ecotypes. In addition, the mean comparison between different cluster analysis groups showed that the highest amount of length, width and leaf area was taken in both stages and at all levels of salinity stress was related to E18.

Selenium has a protective and positive effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the plants. In order to investigate the effect of selenium foliar application on leaf proline content and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rapeseed cultivars under end-season thermal stress, a factorial split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications for two years (2014-2016) in Karaj, Iran. In this experiment, the first factor was planting date on October 15 (timed planting), October 25 (relatively late planting) and November 5 (delayed planting), the second factor was selenium in two levels, including non-application and application of 30 grams per liter of sodium selenate and third factor was genotype, including a commercial cultivar, two promising lines and three foreign commercial hybrids, so that the first and second factor were factorially in the main plots and the third factor was split plot as in sub plot. The results showed that quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rapeseed in this experiment were affected by planting date. Delay in planting reduced winter survival, biological yield, seed yield, crown diameter, relative water content of leaves of rapeseed genotypes. Furthermore, the delay in planting caused a significant increase in the crown water and leaf proline content in the rosette stage, but did not have a significant effect on the harvest index of the genotypes. Selenium foliar application improved the winter survival, biological yield, seed yield, crown diameter and relative water content of leaves of rapeseed genotypes. Selenium foliar application also significantly reduced leaf proline content in the rosette stage, which was an important factor in tolerance of genotypes to delayed planting and end-season thermal stress. In terms of winter survival, seed and biological yield, the L72 line showed the best response to these traits in timed planting, but in terms of delayed planting, Opera was better than the other genotypes, although there was no significant difference with the L72 line.

Drought stress is the most important environmental stress that affects many morphological, physiological and, especially, yield traits of arable crops. In this research, a cross between the cultivar Gaspard (dehydrated susceptible parent) and DN11 line (drought resistant parent) was performed. F1, F2, F3, BC1 and BC2 generations along with parents, were planted and compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications in normal and water deficit conditions for two years. Then, using generation means analysis and generation variance analysis; genetic parameters were investigated in normal and water deficit conditions. Weighted analysis of variance showed that water deficit stress had a significant effect on the reduction of 100 grains weight, volumetric weight and seed yield per plant. The results of mean generation analysis for 100 grains weight and volumetric weight were the same and the same regression models were obtained for two environments. In addition to additive and dominant effects, epistatic effects also played a role in the inheritance of all studied traits. Additive and dominant effects along with additive×dominant and dominant×dominant interactions effects had played a role in the inheritance of single plant yield, moreover, in biological yield, dominant and dominant×dominant interaction effects had played a role, too. Generations variance analysis showed that the gene action for plant height, 100 grains weight (both conditions), spike length, spikelet number per spike and number of seeds per spike were additive. For the number of spikes and grain yield per plant were dominant and for the volumetric weight (both conditions), overdominance was observed. The results of two generations mean and variance analysis in traits such as biological yield were not the same, which can be attributed to the degree of genetic dispersion and bi-directional dominance. In harvest index and grain yield, due to high environmental variability, narrow sense and broad sense heritability was low.

In order to recognize the soybean tolerant genotypes, a greenhouse as factorial experiment was conducted in form of randomized complete block design with three repetition in 2017 in Damavand. The first factor contained 15 soybean genotypes and second factor included two levels of normal irrigation and irrigation disruption in time of podding. The traits included plant height, reproductive branches no., number of leaves, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll total, carotenoids, days to flowering, days to fifty percent podding, number of  flowers, dry weight of plant leaves, main stem nodes no, nodes in the, branches no, total dry stem weight, plant dry weight, first pod height of soil, days to harves, total pod no, dry weight of pod, pods length, seed pod no, seeds per plant, harvest index, weigh one hundred seeds and yield per plant. The analysis variance results showed that the reaction of soybean genotypes to conditions of drought stress and lack of stress were different. The genotypes of 1, 4, 10, 14 and 15 represented high yield in both conditions of drought stress and normal conditions. Analysis of phenotypic correlation showed that the seed yield has a positive correlation with seeds per plant, harvest index, total  dry weight of pods, weight dry of plant. Stepwise regression analysis for seed yield showed 99 % of variation of yield, as a dependent variable justified. In the path analysis for grain yield the maximum positive direct effects were related to weight dry of plant and weigh one hundred seeds that showed important characteristics in relation to grain. Principal component analysis used to study the relationship between indices. Two first components could explain more than 85% of variations of indices. Cluster decomposition divided the genotypes into 5 groups and genotypes 1, 9, 10, 14 and 15 were set in one group. These genotypes have good yield in both environments according to the mean.

Mutations induced by gamma irradiation are part of improving some important agronomic traits in crops.  Identifying the optimal mutagenic dose is considered to be the most crucial step in trials and generating mutated genetic materials. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of gamma ray (0, 150, 200, 250 and 300 Gy) on some plant early stages traits and biochemical characteristics in SC704. Based on the probit analysis, the optimum gamma irradiation dose for induction of mutation in SC704 were 212.69 Gy. Significant differences were observed for irradiation dosage in all growth traits, including root length, shoot length, root fresh weight,  shoot fresh weight, root dry weight and shoot dry weight, plant height and survival percentage. As the dose level increased, total carbohydrates, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and catalase and peroxidase enzymes increased.

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp tritici, known as a destructive disease of wheat worldwide that led to severe crop loss, annually. As chemical control is expensive and not ecologically safe, application of non-toxic chemicals to induce defense mechanism in plant host is desirable. In present study, induction of host resistance using chitosan on the expression of pathogenicity related gene was investigated. The expression rate of PR1, PR2 and PR5 in wheat treated with chitosan (0, 250 and 500 mg/L) were examined in factorial completely randomized design with three independent replications at 5 time courses using Real Time PCR technique Based on the results, the number of mildew colony in wheat leaves treated with chitosan 250 mg/L was decreased 42.3% than control. Results of qPCR indicated that in treated plants, the gene expression were increased significantly after infection, for all three genes. Maximum expression level of genes were observed at 12 hours after infection. This process was observed slowly in control plants but in treated plants induction of plant defense genes seemed more faster than control. Furthermore chitosan 250 mg/L induced plant defense gene more effectively than chitosan 500 mg/L. The results would support the idea that application of chitosan can play an important role in inducing systemic resistance in wheat plants against powdery mildew disease.

Wheat is the most important crop and is cultivated all over the world. Wheat has a wide range of adaptability to different climates. Vernalization genes are one of the important factors determining wheat adaptability. in wheat breeding program understanding the alleles at vernalization requirement gens are useful to introduce new cultivar for different climates. At the molecular level, the length of the vernalization period of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is determined mainly by three loci: VRN-1, VRN-2 and VRN-3. The VRNA1, VRN-B1, and VRN-D1 genes are dominant for spring growth habit and epistatic to the alleles for winter growth habit. Therefore, winter cultivars are homozygous for the recessive alleles at the three VRN-1 loci. In the current study, 34 bread wheat accessions plus Chinese Spring wheat were investigated for allelic variation at Vrn1 loci. The current study showed that five genotypes had dominant allele at VRN-A1. VRN-A1b allele was not found at any of the genotypes. Only one genotype had VRN-A1c allele and 32 genotypes including the Chinese Spring showed vrn-A1 allele. The genotype No. 6 unexpectedly had more than one allele. At locus VRN-B, 14 genotypes had dominant allele while 20 including the Chinese Spring showed recessive allele. ele was not found at any of the genotypes. Only one genotype had VRN-A1c allele and 32 genotypes including the Chinese Spring showed vrn-A1 allele. The genotype No. 6 unexpectedly had more than one allele. At locus VRN-B, 14 genotypes had dominant allele while 20 including the Chinese Spring showed recessive allele.

The aim of this research was to assessment of drought tolerance in bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.) ecotypes. For this purpose, 16 ecotypes collected from four provinces (East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan) of Iran, were evaluated using randomized complete block design with four replications in three separate experiments (60, 90 and 120 mm water evaporation from A pan) during 2017-2018 growing season in the Research Field of Faculty of Agriculture at Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan. The result of combined analysis of variance showed there were significant differences at 1% level between the ecotypes for all traits except thousand kernel weight in their reaction to drought stress. Drought stress caused decrease in stem height, root length, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, seed number per plant, biomass and grain yield, significantly. Ecotype Byghout produced the most biomass (by an average of 82.345 g/m2) and grain yield (by an average of 35.038 g/m2) over all irrigation levels. Means comparisons showed that ecotypes Ghareaghaj and Byghout (respectively) was more stable in biomass production as well as ecotypes Byghout and Saghazchi (respectively) was more stable in grain yield production across all irrigation levels. In general, these ecotypes that were less affected by drought stress can be used as promising genotypes in future breeding programs with the objective of enhanced drought resistance.

Abiotic stresses such as salinity, are factors that severely affects agricultural production. To evaluate the effects of salinity on some morphological and physiological traits related to salt tolerance of 22 genotypes of spring rapeseed cultivars in the vegetative growth stage, an experiment was conducted as a split plot form based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design using levels of salinity: zero (control), 150 and 300 mM sodium chloride with three replications were done in the research greenhouse of Tabriz university. In present study, dry weight of shoot and root, height, Na+ and K+ contents of leaves and roots, K+/Na+ ratios in leaves and roots were measured. Increasing salinity levels have significantly increase Na+ contents of leaves and roots and reduced traits such as height, shoot and root dry weight, K+ contents and K+/Na+ ratios of leaves and roots. Cultivars showed the most significant differences, this shows that high diversity of genotypes in salinity tolerance. Cluster analysis led to the separation of genotypes into four groups. Results showed that SAN-2 was the most tolerant and the Amica was the most sensitive to salt stress during vegetative growth, respectively. Therefore They can be used to identify genes loci determination and understand the mechanisms salt tolerance genes.

In order to study the resistance of tobacco genotypes to Broomrape (Orobanche cernua L.), two experiments based on the randomized complete block design with three replications were conducted at non-stress and broomrape stress conditions at the tobacco research center of Urmia for two sucsessive years (2007-2009). The results showed that the broomrape infestation reduced the mean of all studied traits. The maximum reduction was recorded in aerial part dried weight (31%) and root dried weight (30%), respectively. So that, these traits were known as susceptible traits. The traits such as number of leaves, aerial part dried weight and root dried weight showed highly positive and significant correlation with tobacco yield at non-stress and stress conditions, respectively. So, one can use these traits for selecting tobacco genotypes with high yield performence. It was also found that there is a high correlation between the tobacco yield in non-stress and stress conditions with harmonic and geometric mean indices and stress tolerance index, so these indices can be used to assess tolerance to Broomrape stress in tobacco. Cluster analysis grouped the studied genotypes into three clusters containing susceptible genotypes (42 genotypes), moderately resistant (13 genotypes) and resistance (9 genotypes). In overall, the genotypes C.H.T.209.12e, C.H.T.209.12e×F.K.40-1 and genotypes SPT413, SPT432 and SPT412 are introduced as the most resistance and the highest susceptible genotypes to Broomram, respectively.

In order to investigate the genetic variation and transgressive segregation of some agronomic traits in F6 linseed breeding lines derived from KO37 × CAN1066 cross, 824 breeding lines (selected from 106 F5 lines) evaluated using an augmented design along with five-control genotypes. The highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were observed for seed weight / capsule (53.39%), whereas, number of days to maturity showed very low GCV (2.71%). Overall, considerable variation was observed for studied traits among breeding lines. The average seed yield per plant of breeding lines was 0.270g with a range of 0.126 to 0.480 g among F5 families, whereas seed yield /plant in KO37 and CAN1066 parent were 0.490 and 0.158 gr/plant, respectively. The highest broad sense heritability was obtained for number of branches/plant (97.03%( but, seed yield ha-1 had the lowest value (64.34%). Heritability of seed yield/plant was 83.33%. Number of capsule/plant showed the most positive transgressive segregation (28/08%). Also, considerable positive transgressive segregation was observed for days to 50% flowering (26/43%) and number of branches/plant (6.61%). The genetic gain for seed yield/plant, number of capsules/plant, number of branches/plant was 85.18, 77.99 and 68.10 %, respectively. The range of heterobeltiosis varied from 2.46 to 3.60, from14.35 to 18.50 and from 0.039 to 0.041 for number of branches/plant, number of capsules /plant and seed yield /plant, respectively. Because of high genetic variation in this population there is the possibility of selecting superior lines for evaluation and production of new varieties.

Evaluation of the physiological and biochemical traits can help to identify strategies for selection of resistant cultivars and increased crop yield production under diverse environmental conditions such as SALT stress conditions. To this end, an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The experimental factors were six genotype of common bean (Naz, Jules. 94.74, 20, 2) and four levels of). Salinity (zero as control. 50,100 and 200 mM Nacl). Salt stress was applied five weeks after planting and lasted for 10 days. Second trifoliate were used for sampling. Some physiological and biochemical characteristics including Electrolyte leakage (EL), Proline, total soluble proteins, malondialdehyde, Enzyme activity catalase, ascorbat peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and ghayacol peroxidase were measured at the end of the experiment. Result showed that all genotype with increasing salinity level (up 200 Mm) had similar response, but the intensity of these responses was different in various genotypes. Overall, the highest and lowest content Prolin, malondialdehyde, enzymes activity of catalase, ghayacol peroxidase and ascorbat peroxidase were recorded at salinity level of 200Mm in jules and naz respectively. By evaluating of the studied traits, with considering physiological and biochemical characteristics, it could be conclude that genotype julse was salt tolerant in comparison to the rest of genotypes.

In this study, the mechanism of resistance to striped stem borer was investigated in 10 rice genotypes and at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. In addition, the relationship between some quantitative and qualitative traits of rice genotypes was evaluated with the resistance to striped stem borer.This experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications in field conditions.The results showed that Amol-3, Milad and Dasht genotypes were susceptible to striped stem borer and with increasing levels of N fertilizer, the percentage of damage also increased.But the Amol 3 cultivar because of the ability to tillering more, at higher levels of N fertilize,it has been able to some extent offset the decline in performance resulting from the pest attack.From among the quantitative traits studied, the stem diameter and plant height and among the qualitative traits studied form of plant growth (Stem Growth habit) and spinedleaf bladeplay an important role in contamination with rice striped stem borer.So that genotypes with lower stem diameter and shorter heights as well as the habit of stem growth standing or half standing and spined leaf blade (such as Tarom Jelodar, Danesh, Nemat, Jahesh, Partov, Amol2 and IR50) were less polluted.

In order to evaluate the productivity potential of some bread wheat varieties and promising lines under no-till rainfed condition two different on-farm trials were conducted in cold (Sonqor) and warm (Sarpol-e Zahab) regions of Kermanshah province during 2017-18 cropping season. In the cold condition, 12 winter genotypes and in the warm condition 32 spring genotypes were evaluated for grain yield and its components, morphological traits, canopy temperature, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). In the cold condition, the genotypes were significantly different for peduncle extrusion length, number of grain per spike, number of spike per m2 and thousand-kernel weight, peduncle length and gain yield. Grain yield of genotypes varied from 2849 (Sardari) to 4274 (G10) kgha-1 and four genotypes (G2, G4, G10 and G12) had higher yield than check variety (p < 0.05). In the warm condition, the genotypes were different for SPAD, plant height, peduncle extrusion length, peduncle length, 1000-kernel weight and days to heading. Grain yield of genotypes varied from 364 (G22) to 1363 (G8) kgha-1, and G8 and G10 were superior to the check variety (Aftab) by 89% and 61%, respectively. The profiles of trait associations were relatively different in cold and warm conditions. NDVI was positively correlated with grain yield, number of kernel per spike and 1000-kernel weight and negatively correlated with canopy temperature in the warm region. These results showing the importance of NDVI in identifying productive wheat genotypes for dryland conditions.