دو ماهنامه میکروب شناسی پزشکی ایران
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (مهر و آبان 1398)

The incidence of foodborne infectious diseases has been stable and even increased in many countries. Improper use of antibiotics due to the prevalence of microbial diseases has caused drug resistance. So nanotechnology has many attractive applications in the food industry, such as food preservation and food quality control. By the reason, the absorptive and antibacterial features of copper oxide nanoparticles combining with magnesium oxide nanoparticles in killing the bacteria were investigated.

The antibacterial activities of CuO NP in combination with MgO NP against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in culture media and fruit juice (mango, pomegranate, and peach) by agar diffusion and colony count method were explored. Electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphological characteristics of the bacteria tested after treatment with CuO and MgO NPs.

The results of one-way ANOVA by 95% confidence showed that CuO and MgO NPs have antimicrobial activity on E. coli and S. aureus. An effect of synergism was observed when combining CuO and MgO NP. Electron microscopy photographs showed that treatment with the combination of MgO and CuO caused damage to the cell membrane. As a result, the leakage of intracellular contents kills the bacteria.

The combination of CuO and MgO nanoparticles can successfully control the growth of E. coli and S. aureus in liquid and juice medium. So, this combination treatment can reduce the required amount of CuO and MgO nanoparticles during the pathogen control process in the food industry.

The use of ethanol- temperature-resistant Acetobacter strains are of importance in vinegar industry. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify high temperature and ethanol resistant Acetobacter strains as starter for production of vinegar.

The banana alcoholic extract was transferred to the fermenter medium and after 24 h of incubation at 30°C, colonies with transparent zone were purified as acetic acid bacteria and examined macroscopically and microscopically. The resistance to high temperature in constant ethanol and time as well as resistance to high ethanol in constant temperature and time were investigated.

The studies of AAB isolate grown in the Carr medium showed that it was an Acetobacter strain. According to the single-factor optimization, this species was able to grow in a Carr medium containing 9% ethanol at 40°C after 72 h.

This is the first report of an AAB isolation from banana in Iran. This bacterium, as a new resistant strain to high levels of ethanol and temperature, was identified as Acetobacter ghanensis KBMNS-IAUF-6 and its 16s-rDNA sequence was deposited in GenBank, NCBI, under the accession number of MK968570. This new strain can be suggested as a high temperature and ethanol resistant strain for producing banana vinegar on a semi-industrial and industrial scale.

Co-word analysis, based on Co-occurrence, as one of the important techniques of Scientometrics and bibliometrics, enables the analysis of the content of scientific documents of the specific Research Area. The purpose of the present study is visualize HPV clusters relationships and thematic trends in the world.

The research type is an applied one with analytical approach and it has been done using co-word analysis. The population of this study consists of articles’ keywords indexed during 2014-2018 in the Web of Science (WoS) in HPV subject area. The total numbers of the retrieved and analyzed keywords in this study were 13249. Some software like SPSS, UCINET and VOSViewer were used for data integration and analysis.

The findings showed that the keyword “CERVICAL CANCER” have had the highest frequency and with “CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA” and they were co-word couples. The results of the strategic diagram showed that the most clusters in HPV placed in third area of strategic diagram, it means these subjects (clusters) were emerging or declining.

Co-word analysis is suitable method for discover and visualize different sciences and their prominent patterns, hidden relationships and thematic trends research’ subject areas. The results of these analysis and findings of such researches will help research policy makers

The aim of this report was to investigate the genotypes of HCV in patients on regular hemodialysis in Iraq

A cross sectional study was conducted to investigate the genotypes of HCV in patients on regular hemodialysis in 7 centers across Iraq. 255 subjects with positive anti-HCV antibodies were recruited in this study.

To confirm the positivity, RTPCR was performed. Amongst all samples, 31% (79/255) was positive by RTPCR. Then, we genotyped all the RTPCR positive samples, it was found that 39/79 (49.4 %) of our samples were typed as HCV genotype 1 including 26 samples (66.7%) as HCV 1a and 13 samples (33.3%) as HCV 1b. HCV genotype 4 was found in 34/79 (43%) of the samples while 6/79 (7.6%) of the samples typed as HCV 3

HCV genotype 1 was the most prevalent genotype followed by genotype 4. Further population-based study is required to investigate the prevalence of HCV genotypes.

Periodontal diseases are very common among the people of all ages and also a proof of oral hygiene maintenance practice. A variety of microorganisms are found in human oral cavity which can often cause periodontitis, cavities, gingivitis, mineralization of tooth and other oral diseases. Current study was carried out to determine which microbes are responsible for dental carries among the patients in Dhaka along with control with no dental disease. After observing the symptoms of dental carries like tooth pain, bleeding gum, bleeding while eating and brushing, weakening of teeth, mobility of teeth, swelling of gum etc.; dental plaque samples were collected and diluted in thioglycollate broth. The diluted sample was then transferred to a series of specific media including Mitis Salivarius Agar (MSA), BD LBS Agar, Actinomycetes Isolation Agar, NOS Spirochete medium, P. GING (Porphyromonas Gingivalis Agar) and VCAT and incubated at 37oC to isolate Streptococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Actinomycetes spp.,  Treponema spp. and Capnocytophaga spp. One sample was taken from healthy patient as a control test harboring no pathogenic microbial growth. According to current study, the most common microbes which can initiate these dental diseases include Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., Capnocytophaga spp., Porphyromonas gingivitis, Actinomycetes spp. etc. After detecting the mentioned microorganisms, different procedures were prescribed for the patients including scaling, root cannel, surgical removal of teeth (tooth extraction) etc. Oral hygiene should be maintained not only by the patients, but also by every person to lessen the risk of dental disease as well as the early detection of it to prevent the loss of tooth.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of Hospital-acquired infection worldwide. A major problem in the treatment of bacterial infections is the emergence of strains with multiple resistances (MDR). The aim of this study was to identify virulence genes lasB, toxA, algD, exos in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from human and animal by Multiplex-PCR method and determination of antibiotic resistance.

This cross-sectional study was performed on the 120 non-repetitive samples, including, 60 clinical samples of human and 60 animal samples collected from Tehran, Iran. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by disk diffusion test. The multiplex - PCR method was performed to identify virulence genes.

lasB and exoA genes were the most prevalent virulence determinants in the human and animals samples, respectively. The highest resistance rate was related to amoxicillin and amikacin in the both types of samples.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an emerging threat to the production of antibiotic resistance genes and create strains of multidrug-resistant (MDR), serious problem growing that it is necessary to control emissions and to replace the antibiotics forever to reduce the prevalence of these genes, necessarily antibiotics new and appropriately.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections, and several studies have reported the prevalence of UTI caused by ESBL-producing E.coli strains in different cities of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic resistant UTI factors in outpatients and determine the prevalence of ctx-m gene in ESBL-producing E. coli strains of Bonab (East Azerbaijan, Iran).

In 2015, 266 clinical isolates of E. coli were collected from clinical laboratories in Bonab. Phenotypic screening and confirmation tests for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) were carried out using disk diffusion (Kirby Bauer) method. All of the ESBL producing isolates were tested by PCR using specific primers. A total of 10 PCR products were randomly selected and purified and subsequently sent for sequencing.

 The maximum resistance was seen regarding ampicillin (67.3 %) and the maximum sensitivity was seen regarding imipenem (92.5%). In this study, 45 % of isolates were multidrug resistance, which showed at least resistance for three antibiotics. Out of 154 isolates, 58 (37.7%) isolates were ESBL producers which 94.8% of isolates contained ctx-m gene. The prevalence of the ctx-m gene, as in other parts of Iran and the world, is high in Bonab. For the treatment of infections suspected to be an ESBL producer, appropriate antibiotics should be selected, and strains that have decreased their sensitivity to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and cefetoxin should be considered for ESBL genes.

Medicinal herbs are used due to fewer side effects for producing natural drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this study was investigation of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Citrus medica skin extracts against 10 human pathogenic bacterial and investigation of secondary metabolites in vitro.

The colored and white part of the skin of Citrus medica under the supervision of Citrus Research Center experts were collected from Ramsar city, Mazandaran Province, Iran in 2014. Antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method, total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu method, total flavonoid by aluminum chloride and antioxidant properties by DPPH method were investigated. Phytochemical investigation of secondary metabolites was performed.
Results and

The highest inhibitory activity was observed on methanol extract of color skin on Bacillus cereus bacteria. IC50 methanol extract of color, white skin and ascorbic acid were calculated 0.1505, 0.1738 and 0.1095 mg/mL respectively. The total phenolic content of colored and white part of the skin was 109.5 and 105.6 (mgGAE/g) and the total flavonoid content was 3.53 and 3.02 (mgQ/g), respectively. The presence of alkaloid in methanol extract of the colored part and the presence of saponin and tannin in methanol extract of the white part was confirmed. Due to its antibacterial properties, this medicinal plant can be used in producing antibiotics, controlling human pathogenic microorganisms.