نشریه علوم و فناوری پسته
پیاپی 7 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

To investigate the effect of manganese and Salicylic acid under salinity conditions on some morphological and physiological parameters of pistachio, a greenhous experiment as compeletly randomized design was carried out on the pistachio (Badami-e rize zarand). Treaments consisted manganese (0, 10 and 20 mg per kg of soil), salicylic acid (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and salinity (0, 1200 and 2400 mg sodium chloride per kg of soil). The results showed that salinity stress significantly reduced shoot and root dry weight, total chlorophyll and carotenoid and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), but the application of together manganese and slicylic acid increased these parameters. As the application of 10 mg manganese per kg of soil and 1 mM salicylic acid increased 78 percentage shoot dry weight and 50 percentage chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) compared to control. Also, the results of this experiment showed that, salinity increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, but with application of 1 mM salicylic acid increased about 5 times the control (not saline conditions). According to the results of this experiment, under saline conditions, the combined application of Manganese and salicylic acid improved growth and photosynthesis parameters of pistachio seedling.

The effect of water stress on plant growth parameters and root rot disease of pistachio seedlings caused Cylindrocarpon destructans was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Treatments consisted of three levels of soil moisture [(D0= 80%, D1= 50% and D2= 30% of Field capacity (F.C.)] and two levels of fungal pathogen (F0= control and F1= C. destructans). The experimental arrangement was factorial with completely randomized design with five replications. Four months after inoculation, inoculated plants were uprooted and the shoot and root dry weight, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot height, root length and leaf numbers of each seedling were determined. According to the results, the main effect of water stress caused a significant reduction (at 1%) in all plant growth parameters. The main effect of fungal pathogen caused a significant reduction (at 1%) in shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight, shoot height, root length and leaf numbers. Water stress and C. destructans interaction caused significant reduction on root dry weight and shoot height at 1% and shoot dry weight and root length at 5%. Water stress increased the negative effects of the pathogen on pistachio seedlings. In this regard, the interaction between C. destructans and D2 (30% F.C.) had the greatest impact on reducing growth parameters. Disease severity also increased by increasing water stress.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between ounce and kernel% (kernel to shell) with each other and other quantitative and qualitative indices of the kernel and nut in Iranian commercial pistachio cultivars. Four pistachio cultivars including Kaleh-Ghoochi, Ahmad-Aghaei, Owhadi and Akbari, which constitute the main pistachio cultivar, are selected in five ounces and then the relationship among the commercial indices of the kernel and nut was determined by different statistical methods. The results of this study showed that the quantitative and qualitative indices related to kernel and nut morphology reviled a significant decrease with increasing number of nut per ounce. The nut and kernel length (r= .0.433) showed a higher relationship with ounce as compared to the other traits. The suture opening and shell thickness had the highest coefficient of variation (C.V.), indicating a high range of variations between different nuts in one ounce. In this study, the indices related to the kernel were less effective than the nut on ounce index. The kernel hectoliters, which is a valuable commercial index for determining the quality and health of the kernel, is not significantly different in ounces, indicating no significant difference in the kernel quality of Iranian commercial cultivars with an increase in ounces. The kernel% was significantly affected (P<0.01) by ounce in all four cultivars. In this study, the highest kernel% was observed in Owhadi (57.39), Ahmad-Aghaei (56.35), Kaleh-Ghoochi (53.92) and Akbari (53.30) cultivars, respectively. Therefore, Owhadi had the highest and Akbari had the lowest kernel%. The findings indicated that kernel% in the round cultivars was more affected by the shell thickness and the stretched cultivars by the kernel. The results showed that there was a negative correlation (r= 0.439) between ounces and kernel% in evaluated cultivars.

Plant Germplasm is the main source used by the plant breeders and the most important national treasures of any country. Iran has one of the largest and most unique wild species of pistachio (Pistacia vera L., var. Sarakhs) forests in the world, which is a valuable genetic resource. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity of male genotypes in this collection and determine the genetic distance and their grouping. Detecting characteristics of each group of these genotypes, which can be indicated the genetic value for productivity in breeding programs was another perspective of the project. The present study was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 5 replications for 3 years (2017-2019) at Station 2 of Pistachio Research Center. The results of evaluation genetic variation with morpho-physiological indices and phonological stages of flowering showed that 188 males of these populations are classified in 33 different genotypic groups. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was a significant difference between selected genotypes in all measured traits. Flowering period of male genotypes in this population was 35.2 days, indicating significant variation at flowering time among male genotypes. Compatibility assessments showed that among 33 male genotypes, M5 in addition to its ability to produce suitable pollen grains had a good overlap with flowering time of commercial cultivars including Ahmad Aghaei, Kaleh-Ghoochi and Owhadi. Genotypes M12, M13, M14, F4M and M106 were selected as the ideal pollinizers for Akbari cultivar among the genotypes overlapping with this commercial cultivar. Grouping genotypes based on square Euclidean distance showed that male populations were classified into 2 main and 5 subgroups, confirming the existence of widespread genetic diversity in wild "Sarakhs" pistachio. The finding demonstrated that this collection, as a valuable germplasm, has a high diversity and breeding potential that can be used in pistachio breeding programs.

Global warming  has a lot of effects on agriculture and food production. Inadequate reception of winter cold in fruit trees, especially pistachios, is a major problem that occurs in many regions of relatively moderate winters. In order to investigate the effect of Dormex and volck oil on Completing the chilling requirement in pistachio trees the present study on pistachio trees of Akbari cultivar was carried out on the site of the model and extension of the farm of Izad Yaran Company in Sirjan city. Treatments used were spraying, water (control), 4% volck oil, Dormax 3%, 4% and 5% on 07/02/2018, Dormax 3%, 4% and 5% on 18/02/2018 and Dormax 3, 4 and 5% were on 07/02/2018 and 18/02/2018, respectively. The Time of budbreak, the activity of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the buds, branch length, weight 100 nuts, percentage of filled, blank, split and unsplit seeds were studied. The results showed that 4% Dormex treatment  and after that 3%, the best treatments and control, Volck oil and Dormex 5% in second  dates  were the the worst treatment in terms of the opening time of the floral buds. According to the results, after 10 days, the highest amount of catalase activity was related to control treatment and the least activity was related to 4% and 5% Dormex treatments on February 18th. Data on peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes and weight 100 nuts were not statistically significant. the highest length of  Branch  was related to 4%  and 3% treatments of Dormex, and the lowest Branch length was related to control treatment, and after that, the sprayed Dormex treatments on February 18th. The highest percentage of filled fruit was obtained from 4% Dormex treatment sprayed on February 18th. highest percentage of split fruits and the lowest percentage of unsplit were 4% and 3% Dormex treatments, on February 18th, respectively. According to the results of this experiment, 4% dormex treatment  spray in dated 07/02/2018 was associated with earlier budbreak of the dormancy and improved quality parameters (percentage of filled and split fruits) than 4% volck oil, However, the volck oil caused a more uniform opening of the floral buds than the control.

For efficient use of agricultural water, it is needed to know technical relationship between water and products. In other words, estimation of production function is necessary. Low variation in water usage data and limitation of yield calculation are two obstacles of estimation production function for pistachio orchards. In this study, one model was proposed for production function estimation, using vegetative and generative indexes of trees. Using stratified random sampling method, a sample of 286 owners of pistachio orchards in Anar and Rafsanjan city, Kerman province, was selected. The results showed that, in production function, in which pistachio yield is considered as dependent variable, determining optimal level of water using is not possible. For solving this problem, a production function was estimated, in which, vegetative and generative factors of trees were dependent variable. Using these functions, the optimal level of water consumption and EC were calculated 12000 cubic meters per hectare per year and 8500 micromohos per centimeter, respectively. Under these conditions, with existing orchard management, the average water use efficiency of the studied pistachio orchards is 131 g / m3. Different tests showed that estimated functions and calculated optimal levels are reliable. Also, a production function was estimated in which pistachio yield was dependent variable and independent variables were generative factors. This production function can be used for determination of pistachio yield, using generative factors every time during the year. At last, it is recommended that for determination of optimal level of water quality and quantity, a function was estimated, in which vegetative and generative indexes of trees are dependent variable. This method, increases research accuracy and decrease research costs.

These days, over the world, the farmers use fertilizers based on amino acids widely to increase the yield of their products and to reduce the destructive effects of stresses. The aim of this study was to evaluate foliar spray of 30-year-old pistachio trees using Zn-Golbar combination (70% glutamic amino acid, 10% urea and 20% zinc chelate) on biochemical traits, enzymatic antioxidant defense system, oxidative stress parameters and yield function on Kale-Ghouchi pistachio cultivar under field conditions. Four levels of Zn-Golbar including 0, 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 g/ L water were selected as levels of treatmentand were sprayed on trees in April. The results showed that with increasing concentration of this combination, contents of total free amino acids, total soluble protein and proline in leaves increased in comparison with normal condition, significantly. Furthermore, with evaluation of the enzymatic antioxidant defense system, it was specified that catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymes activities in leaves increased with increasing concentration of this commercial combination and hence led to the decreasing content of oxidative stress parameters including hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and other aldehydes. The results of this study showed that with increasing concentrations of this commercial combination, significant increasing was observed in the yield and yield-related parameters including fresh and dry weight of pistachio, flower buds and number of grains per panicle in comparison to the control condition, while ounces of pistachio reduced extremely. According to the results of this study, 1.8 g/L Zn-Gholbar can be introduced as a valuable fertilizer for increasing yield of Kaleh-Ghouchi pistachio cultivar by the foliar spraying.

The common pistachio Psyllid (Agonoscena pistaciae) has wide distributed pest in most pistachio orchards all around the world. This study aimed to evaluate awareness of farmers with economic injury level of the common pistachio psyllid. The research is a kind of descriptive which has done through a survey method in 2017 year. The statistical population consisted of all pistachio farmers in Rafsanjan Township. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s Table and stratified random sampling method with proportion to size, 380 farmers were selected from six area as sample. Questionnaire was the main tool for data collection. According to the results, farmers considered pistachio psyllid as the most important pest in the region and are more aware of this pest compared to other pests. Most farmers, spray as soon as observing the pistachio psyllid. This shows that pistachio producers couldn’t tolerate the psyllid population as long as it reach the threshold of economic losses. It seems that pistachio producers don't pay attention to the economic injury level and thus many problems arise in the Rafsanjan Township pistachio gardens including improper use of chemicals, resistance to the psyllid and the loss of biological control effective factors. Based on correlation test, there are significant differences between extensional programs and knowledge of pistachio producers about pistachio pests. Therefore, familiarizing farmers with pests and their economic injury level requires a dynamic extension programs.

Nutrients have a great effect on quantity and quality of pistachio. Considering that Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) uses the nutritional balancing concept or relationship among nutrients, usage for the over growth stage and equal effect in different varieties and climates, it is postulated that this method might be more precise than other methods in the detection of nutritional deficiencies or/and excesses in pistachio trees. More than 3000 leave samples from different orchards in pistachio growing area of Kerman province were selected to determining of DRIS norms. Ten nutrients were determined in the samples which were collected from non-fruit branches in July, including of nitrogen(N), phosphorous(P), potassium(K), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), iron(Fe), zinc(Zn), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu) and boron(B)  according to the conventional methods. DRIS norms were determined by selected nutritional rates based on greatest variance ratio of high-yielding and low-yielding population with 2000Kg/ha as discriminating border for low and high-yielding population. DRIS indexes were presented based on determined DRIS norms. These indexes can be defining priority of nutrients deficiency in pistachio leaf. Priority of ten nutrients was determined for each pistachio orchard with low yield and as totally nutrients requirement arrangement was as Mn>Zn>K>Fe>N>Cu>P>Ca>B>Mg in pistachio growing area of Kerman province. More pistachio orchards in this study had manganese, zinc, potassium, iron and nitrogen deficiency. High NBI in low-yielding population indicate unbalancing nutrients in study areas.