فهرست مطالب

جغرافیا و پایداری محیط - پیاپی 32 (پاییز 1398)

فصلنامه جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
پیاپی 32 (پاییز 1398)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1398/09/01
  • تعداد عناوین: 7
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  • سمیه کریمی، معصومه رجبی*، محمد حسین رضایی مقدم صفحات 1-18

    فرسایش خاک از تهدیدکننده های اصلی منابع آب وخاک در جهان و ازجمله کشور خشک و نیمه خشک ایران است که ارتباطی قوی به ویژه با نوع پوشش و کاربری زمین دارد. این مسئله به خصوص در مناطق کارستی منجر به رخداد پدیده بیابان زایی سنگی و گرفتگی مجاری کارستی می شود. در نوشتار پیش رو با استفاده از مدل شاخص ریسک فرسایش و استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره ای لندست تی. ام. و ا.ال.آی. در بازه زمانی 28 ساله، سطح حوضه کارستی رودخانه الوند در غرب استان کرمانشاه برای سه سال 1990، 2005 و 2018 به منظور ارزیابی کیفی و پهنه بندی فرسایش خاک با تاکید بر نوع پوشش و کاربری زمین بررسی شده است. نتایج نشان می دهد در بازه زمانی 28 ساله، میزان تراکم پوشش گیاهی در سطح حوضه الوند از روند نزولی برخوردار بوده و از سال 1990 تا 2018 مساحت آن بیش از 30% کاهش یافته است. تعداد طبقات کاربری اراضی و میزان مساحت آن ها در این بازه زمانی تغییرات قابل توجهی داشته است. پهنه فرسایش بسیارکم در هیچ کدام از نقشه های نهایی فرسایش خاک در سال های انتخابی در حوضه وجود نداشته است. پهنه فرسایش متوسط در هر سه نقشه نهایی فرسایش خاک، بیشترین مساحت و پهنه های فرسایش زیاد و کم، به ترتیب دومین و سومین پهنه فرسایشی وسیع در هر سه نقشه نهایی فرسایش خاک بوده اند. پهنه فرسایش بسیار زیاد منطبق بر مناطق کارستی حوضه است. شیب و بارش زیاد و خاک کم ضخامت، مهم ترین دلایل فرسایش زیاد خاک در مناطق کارستی حوضه بوده است.

    کلیدواژگان: فرسایش خاک، پهنه بندی، کارست، شاخص ریسک فرسایش، حوضه الوند
  • ساره قربانی، اسماعیل صالحی*، شهرزاد فریادی، حمید رضا جعفری صفحات 19-31

    توسعه شتابان شهر تهران باعث افزایش آلودگی هوا و صدا و درنهایت توسعه ناپایدار شهری شده است. از آنجا که گروه های آسیب پذیرتر به دلیل توزیع نامتناسب آلودگی هوا و صدا بیشتر در معرض آلودگی قرار می گیرند؛ هدف نوشتار پیش رو بررسی ارتباط میان آلودگی هوا و صدا با عوامل اجتماعی و اقتصادی در شهر تهران برای ارزیابی عدالت محیط زیست شهری است. به منظور بررسی توزیع فضایی آلاینده های مورد نظر، غلظت آلاینده های هوا و صدا ناشی از منابع ساکن و متحرک با رتبه اجتماعی اقتصادی در مناطق 22 گانه شهر تهران و با مدل رگرسیون وزنی جغرافیایی بررسی شد. یافته های این پژوهش نشان داد که مدل رگرسیون جغرافیای مورد نظر دقت قابل قبولی برای مدل سازی روابط میان رتبه اجتماعی و اقتصادی و منابع تولید آلودگی هوا داشته است. میزان R2 محلی برای تولید آلاینده ناشی از مصرف خانگی، میزان مالکیت خودرو و میزان مالکیت موتورسیکلت به ترتیب برابر با 94/0، 59/0 و 85/0 بوده است. یافته های ناشی از ارتباط آلودگی صدا و رتبه اقتصادی و اجتماعی مناطق نشان داد که مدل مورد نظر با R2 محلی 43/0 رابطه میان وضعیت اجتماعی و اقتصادی مناطق با آلودگی صدا را به شدت تایید نمی کند. این مطالعه نشان داد که مناطق سه، یک و شش که ازلحاظ معیارهای اقتصادی و اجتماعی رتبه بالاتری دارند، سهم بیشتری در تولید آلودگی دارند. درصورتی که مناطق 18، 19 و 20 که پایین ترین رتبه اجتماعی و اقتصادی را دارند، بیشتر از سایر مناطق در معرض آلودگی هوا قرار دارند؛ بنابراین گروه های آسیب پذیرتر ساکن جنوب شهر تهران بیشتر از سایر گروه ها با بی عدالتی محیط زیستی شهری روبه رو هستند.

    کلیدواژگان: توسعه پایدار، محیط شهری، بی عدالتی، آلاینده صدا و هوا، رگرسیون وزنی جغرافیایی
  • پروین محمدی، آرش ملکیان*، مهدی قربانی، علی اکبر نظری سامانی صفحات 33-47
    جوامع انسانی و محیط با ریسک ها و خطرات مربوط به تغییر اقلیم و همچنین تاثیرات ناشی از آن روبه رو هستند. تغییر در وضعیت اقلیم به روش های مختلف و به طور مستقیم و غیر مستقیم جوامع انسانی را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد، اما در این میان اجتماعات محلی به ویژه بخش کشاورزی، وابسته ترین بخش به اقلیم بوده، این ویژگی ها اجتماعات محلی را به محور اصلی بحث های سیاسی و پروژه های پژوهشی انجام شده درباره تغییر اقلیم تبدیل کرده است. در نوشتار پیش رو روش مبتنی بر شاخص برای تحلیل آسیب پذیری در رویارویی با تغییرات اقلیمی استفاده شد. با استفاده از مشاهده میدانی و ابزار پرسش نامه، آسیب پذیری به تغییرات اقلیمی در مناطق هدف در استان کرمانشاه بررسی شد. نوشتار پیش رو در اقلیم نیمه خشک و با توجه به شاخص های آسیب پذیری به تغییرات اقلیمی، درمعرض قرارگرفتن، حساسیت و ظرفیت سازگاری بوده است. تغییرات اقلیمی به شیوه های مختلف همچون ازدست دادن زمین های کشاورزی، سیلاب، افزایش دما و کمبود آب، بر معیشت مردم اثر گذاشته، و سبب آسیب پذیری جوامع روستایی شده است. نتایج حاصل از سنجش میزان آسیب پذیری اجتماعات روستایی در رویارویی با تغییر اقلیم در سه روستای گاوکل (1/3)، گراوند (93/2) و شهرک هلته (73/2) است، آسیب پذیری در این منطقه به دلیل عوامل غیر اقلیمی مانند موقعیت جغرافیایی منطقه مورد مطالعه و حساسیت به تغییرات اقلیمی و عوامل غیر اقلیمی مانند دارایی های معیشتی خانواده ها و زیرساخت است و روستای شهرک هلته به دلیل بالابودن ظرفیت سازگاری، مطلوبیت بیشتری نسبت به دو روستای گاوکل و گراوند داشته است؛ همچنین روستای گراوند با مقدار 16/4 بیشترین آسیب پذیری محیطی را دارد. کشورهای دارای سطوح پایین تر درآمد، آسیب پذیری بیشتر و انعطاف پذیری کمتر، و افرادی دارای درآمد بالاتر، آسیب پذیر کمتری داشته و مقاوم هستند.
    کلیدواژگان: آسیب پذیری، جامعه محلی، تغییر اقلیم، ظرفیت سازگاری، کرمانشاه
  • اردشیر یوسف زاده، بتول زینالی*، خلیل ولیزاده کامران، صیاد اصغری سراسکانرود صفحات 49-61

    شناسایی مناطق سیل گیر از راهکارهای اساسی در برنامه ریزی کاهش اثرات تخریبی سیل است. در نوشتار پیش رو از شاخص های توپوگرافی و مورفولوژیکی به منظور بررسی سیل زایی استفاده شده است. به دلیل اثرگذاری ویژگی های هیدروژئومورفیک در سیل زایی، این ویژگی ها با نرم افزارهای آرک جی .آی. اس. و سیستم مدل ساز حوضه آبریز با کمک لایه های مدل رقومی ارتفاع و توپوگرافی استخراج شدند. به دلیل نبود اطلاعات میدانی دقیق و به روز از رطوبت سطحی خاک، لایه پوشش گیاهی و آمار ثبتی بارش، از امکانات سنجش از دور اقدام به استخراج رطوبت خاک و بارش شده است. برای کنترل و مقایسه اطلاعات به دست آمده از تصاویر ماهواره ای، بارش مورخ 12 آذر 1395 به عنوان نمونه بارش سیلابی انتخاب شد. با توجه به اهمیت شاخص رطوبت توپوگرافی برای توصیف شرایط رطوبتی خاک و تخمین ویژگی های فیزیکی و هیدرولوژی از این شاخص استفاده شده و نقشه خروجی به صورت طبقه بندی در منطقه بررسی شد. برای نمایش نواحی مستعد سیلاب از مدل ترکیبی که در آن از لایه های رطوبت خاک سطحی (از مدل ذوزنقه ای فیزیکی از تصاویر لندست 8 استخراج شد)، پوشش گیاهی، بارش و شاخص رطوبت توپوگرافی استفاده شده است. پس از همسان سازی نقشه ها و وزن دهی، روی هم گذاری لایه ها در محیط سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی انجام و نقشه پتانسیل سیل زایی حوضه استخراج شد و حوضه به ترتیب شدت سیل زایی به پنج محدوده مستعد سیلاب، سیلاب متوسط، تاحدودی سیلابی، سیلاب بسیارکم و فاقد سیلاب طبقه بندی شد. براساس نقشه استخراجی و تجزیه و تحلیل نتایج، از کل 3279 کیلومتر مربع منطقه، حدود 6/81 کیلومتر مربع (5/2%) مستعد سیلاب بوده و 9/1% از منطقه با میزان خطر متوسط برای سیلاب شناسایی شد. محدوده های مستعد سیلاب بیشتر در نواحی دشتی مرکزی و شمال حوضه در زمین های مسطح حاشیه ای رود سیمینه قرار گرفته است.

    کلیدواژگان: حوضه آبریز سیمینه، سیلاب، مدل رقومی ارتفاع، لندست 8، شاخص رطوبت توپوگرافی
  • محمد اسکندری نوده*، یاسر قلی پور، فاطمه فلاح حیدری، ایوب احمدپور صفحات 63-77

    شهرها در آینده، بیشتر مردم جهان را در خود جای خواهند داد؛ بنابراین، تمرکز مدیران باید بر پایدارترکردن و تاب آورکردن این مکان ها باشد. تاب آوری شهری مفهومی است که به تازگی مورد توجه برنامه ریزان و مدیران شهری در سراسر جهان قرار گرفته است. این امر در واکنش به حوادث طبیعی و بحران های اقتصادی و اجتماعی - سیاسی، به مثابه مفهومی کلیدی جایگاه ویژه ای یافته است. نوشتار پیش رو با هدف شناسایی ابعاد تاب آوری شهری و ارتباط آن ها با پایداری شهری، در شهر رشت انجام شده است. روش پژوهش توصیفی - تحلیلی، کاربردی - توسعه ای و شیوه گردآوری اطلاعات، اسنادی و پیمایشی (زمینه یاب) بوده است. نمونه آماری پژوهش شامل 35 نفر از کارشناسان آشنا به موضوع بوده اند که به روش دلفی انتخاب و در سه مرحله درباره پرسش های پژوهش به اجماع رسیده اند. داده ها با نرم افزارهای اس.پی. اس. اس. و لیزرل تحلیل شده اند. برای تعیین روایی گویه ها از مدل تحلیل عاملی تاییدی مرتبه اول و برای سنجش پایایی آن از آزمون آلفای کرونباخ بهره گرفته شده است. نتایج مدل اندازه گیری ضرایب استانداردشده، نشان دهنده همبستگی بین متغیرهای مکنون و شاخص های متناظر بوده است. یافته های تحلیل مسیر تاییدی (مدل ساختاری) نشان داد که تاب آوری اجتماعی (87/ 0= Beta؛ 19/8 = T)، تاب آوری اقتصادی (84/0 = Beta؛ 62/5 = T)، تاب آوری زیست محیطی - کالبدی (85/0 = Beta؛ 78/9 = T) و تاب آوری نهادی (85/0 = Beta؛ 17/8 = T) بر پایداری شهری موثرند؛ بنابراین نتیجه گرفته شد که تاب آوری شهری را می توان به منزله شالوده پایداری شهری مطرح کرد و توجه به مزایای تاب آوری شهری در راستای تقویت سیستم های شهری پایدار، عاملی حیاتی در دستیابی به آینده مطلوب شهری است.

    کلیدواژگان: تاب آوری شهری، پایداری شهری، مدل یابی معادلات ساختاری، رشت
  • صدف فیضی، نیلوفر عابدین زاده، مهرداد خانمحمدی*، مهدی عالی پور صفحات 79-98
    نیروگاه های زباله سوز شهری بیشتر اوقات دارای اثرات بالقوه منفی، مثبت و همچنین پیامدهای ناسازگار محیط زیستی هستند. براساس رویکرد توسعه پایدار، ارزیابی اثرات محیط زیستی به مثابه یکی از ملزومات احداث نیروگاه زباله سوز شهری است که می تواند به بهره مندی بیشتر از مزایای آن، کاهش هزینه ها و رفع نارضایتی جامعه منجر شود. در نوشتار پیش رو ابتدا اثرات مطلوب و نامطلوب نیروگاه زباله سوز شهری بر محیط زیست به تفکیک فعالیت های ساختمانی و بهره برداری پیش بینی و سپس به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل کمی اثرات نیروگاه زباله سوز شهری در شهرستان رشت برای دو محدوده پیشنهادی در دهستان لاکان و پسیخان از ماتریس ارزیابی اثرات سریع استفاده شده است. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که محدوده لاکان با امتیاز 142- در فاز ساختمانی و امتیاز 340- در فاز بهره برداری، گزینه منتخب برای احداث نیروگاه زباله سوز شهری است. محدوده پسیخان با امتیاز 146- در فاز ساختمانی و امتیاز 496- در فاز بهره برداری در اولویت اجرا قرار نمی گیرد. براساس نتایج به دست آمده، احداث نیروگاه زباله سوز شهری در شهرستان رشت با کاهش نیاز به دفن می تواند افزون بر پیشگیری از روند نابودی محیط زیست در منطقه سراوان شهرستان رشت، در بهبود شرایط اجتماعی و رضایت جوامع محلی منطقه نیز تاثیر مثبتی به همراه داشته باشد. مقایسه اثرات منفی ناشی از فعالیت های اجرا و بهره برداری پروژه نشان داد که بیشترین اثر منفی در هر دو فاز مربوط به محیط فیزیکی - شیمیایی است. این اثرات به واسطه شدت فعالیت های ساخت وساز، انتشار آلاینده های گازی، دی اکسین و فوران، بوی نامطبوع و خاکستر زباله سوز ایجاد می شوند؛ همچنین اثرات متقابل پارامترهای محیط زیستی بر شدت و شعاع انتشار آن ها اثرگذار است؛ بنابراین درصورت اعمال روش های مدیریتی و طرح های بهسازی محیط زیست، زباله سوزی می تواند روش مناسبی به منظور مدیریت پسماندها باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: مدیریت پسماند، زباله سوزی، آلاینده ها، ماتریس ارزیابی اثرات سریع، رشت
  • مرضیه شجاعی، کامران شایسته*، بهناز عطاییان صفحات 99-114

    شهرسازی و مناطق شهری اثر قابل توجهی بر آب وهوای محلی و جهانی دارند. یکی از مهم ترین این اثرات، تغییرات دمای سطح شهری است که شامل جزایر و چاله های حرارتی در سطح شهر می شود. نوشتار پیش رو با هدف بررسی تغییر الگوهای سیمای سرزمین و کارایی سنجه های سیمای سرزمین در تحلیل تغییرات دمای سطح شهری با استفاده از تصویر ماهواره ای لندست 8 در محدوده شهرستان همدان صورت گرفته است. به این منظور پس از محاسبه دمای سطح زمین، جزایر و چاله های حرارتی مشخص شد، کاربری های موجود در این مناطق شناسایی شده و درنهایت سنجه های سیمای سرزمین در سطح کلاس و سیمای سرزمین با نرم افزار فراگستات استخراج شد. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که بالاترین دما در محدوده مورد مطالعه مربوط به پهرو خاک و فاقد پوشش گیاهی بود؛ به عبارتی مولفه اصلی چاله های حرارتی، لکه کشاورزی است درحالی که، لکه خاک عضو اصلی تشکیل دهنده جزایر حرارتی است. رابطه دمای سطح زمین با سنجه ها در سطح سیمای سرزمین نیز بررسی شد، در جزایر بین دما و تراکم لکه، همبستگی منفی و در چاله حرارتی؛ برعکس جزیره حرارتی، دما با سنجه تراکم لکه رابطه مثبت و معنی دار و با سنجه شاخص تجمع همبستگی منفی داشت. هرچه پیوستگی بین کاربری و الگوهای سیمای سرزمین بیشتر باشد دما پایین تر و هرچه قطعه قطعه شدگی افزایش یابد، روی دما تاثیر افزایشی دارد. نتایج بیانگر آن است که دمای سطح زمین در شهرستان همدان تنها تحت تاثیر ترکیب کاربری و پوشش سطح زمین نیست؛ بلکه پیکره بندی فضایی و ساختار سیمای سرزمین نیز در آن تاثیرگذار است.

    کلیدواژگان: سنجه های سیمای سرزمین، دمای سطح زمین، جزایر حرارتی سطح شهر، چاله های حرارتی سطح شهر
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  • Somayeh Karimi, Masoumeh Rajabi *, Mohammad Hosein Rezaei Moghaddam Pages 1-18

    Soil erosion is one the main threats to water and soil resources in the world, as well as arid and semi-arid country of Iran. Soil erosion have a strong relationship with vegetation type and land use. Soil erosion especially in the karst areas led to phenomenon of Rock desertification and to block the channels of karst. The present paper aims at studying the karstic basin of Alvand River in the west of Kermanshah province for three years 1990، 2005 and 2018 by applying Erosion risk index model and satellite images Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager. The findings reveal that the vegetation of Arvand basin has had a decreasing rate in which 30% of the area has decreased from 1990 to 2018. The number of land use classes and their area during this time period have had significant changes. In the selected years, there was no very low erosion zone in any final maps of erosion in the basin. The medium erosion zone has the largest area in all three final maps of the soil erosion. The high and the low erosion zones have been the second and the third wide erosion zones in all the three final maps of the soil erosion, respectively. The very high erosion zone has been consistent with the karst area of the basin. Slope, heavy rainfall, and low-thickness soil have been the most important reasons for high soil erosion in the karst areas of the basin

    Keywords: Soil erosion, zoning, Karst, Erosion risk index, Alvand basin
  • Sareh Ghorbani, Esmaeil Salehi *, Shahrzad Faryadi, Hamid Reza Jafari Pages 19-31

    The rapid development of Tehran has increased air and noise pollution which lead to the unsustainable development. Since most vulnerable groups are more exposed to pollution due to the disproportionate distribution of air and noise pollution, the main objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic factors and air and noise pollution distribution in order to evaluate urban environmental justice of Tehran. In order to analyze the spatial distribution of mentioned pollution, air and noise pollutants have been studied. Pollution by stationary and mobile sources were analyzed in 22 districts of Tehran using geographically weighted regression model. The results reveal that geographically weighted regression model with local R2 was 0.94, 0.59 and 0.85for the amount of pollutant emissions from domestic consumption, vehicle and motorcycle ownership respectively, with acceptable accuracy for modeling between the socioeconomic rank and air pollution source. Findings from noise pollution revealed that the model with R2 0.43 does not strongly confirm the relation between the socioeconomic rank of areas with noise pollution. This study showed that the 1,3 and 6 regions, with higher rank in terms of socioeconomic status, have the highest air pollution production, while the 18, 19, 20 regions with the lowest socioeconomic rank are more likely exposed to air and noise pollution. Hence, more vulnerable groups face urban environmental injustice. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction Urban development, regardless of environmental and social benefits, has led to severe problems such as air and noise pollution which is considered as the most complicated environmental issue in the city of Teheran leading to urban unsustainable development. As revealed by different studies, cities that are closer to sustainable development standards have a higher level of social and environmental justice. Therefore, the fair distribution of facilities and environmental risks is an essential step to achieve sustainable development standards. Since air pollution is the most serious and complicated problem in Tehran, identification of the spatial pattern of air pollution emission and exposure risks with emphasis on environmental justice is of immense importance. Other conducted research on air pollution in Tehran has not focused on social and economic issues and environmental justice. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate environmental justice in urban districts of Tehran by determining the relationship between air and noise pollution variables and socioeconomic indicators in 22 municipal districts of the city to fill the gap in previous studies. 2-Materials and Methods Two categories of data were required to conduct this research: 1) Air and noise Pollution Concentration Data; 2) socioeconomic status Data. Residential per capita, the average per square meter price and Total land ownership, the job status indicator and the percentage of employers and managers, higher education attainment and illiteracy percentage were reviewed in each district. Finally, the socioeconomic status ranking map was obtained by overlaying the maps of the mentioned indicators for each district of Tehran. After preparation of data sets, each set is analyzed and mapped for each of the 22 districts of Tehran by using GIS and spss16 software. In this study, the geographical weight regression method has been applied in order to investigate the relationship between air pollution and socioeconomic status. 3-Results and Discussion In order to evaluate urban environmental justice, the final socioeconomic ranking map produced for urban areas show that district 3 and 18 have the highest and lowest ranks respectively. Based on results, there was no significant correlation between air pollution monitored by air quality monitoring stations and socioeconomic status.  However, based on the modeling of air pollution, districts 1 and 3 of Tehran have higher socioeconomic status. Local R2 showed a significant relationship between the percentage of car ownership and pollutants from domestic consumption and socioeconomic rank. The results of modeling the pollutant emissions from domestic consumption, car ownership and motorcycle ownership with local R2 are 0.94, 0.59 and 0.85, respectively, with acceptable accuracy for modeling the correlation between the socioeconomic status and air pollution emission. The local R2 value was insignificant in relation to the concentration of pollutants recorded by Tehran's air pollution monitoring stations. 4-Conclusion  urban Environmental justice is one of the most crucial environmental issues in urban areas, although the importance of this subject has been ignored in Tehran. To fill this gap, the metropolis of Tehran has been selected because of its high population density, high volume of air pollution and also high social inequality. In this study, the correlation between emission of air pollutants in urban districts and socioeconomic status of the same districts was compared by quantitative spatial analysis using geographically weighted regression model. It can be concluded that the more disadvantaged and marginalized socioeconomic groups in southern districts suffer from the most air pollution risks, while groups with higher socioeconomic status in northern Tehran emit more air pollution than Southern residents. The novelty of this study was to explore the spatial correlation between socioeconomic status and air pollution, relying on the environmental justice approach. The Contribution of this research, compared to other similar studies, is considering socioeconomic issues related to air pollution by applying environmental justice approach by specialization the relation between socioeconomic status and air pollution in 22 municipal districts of Tehran.

    Keywords: Sustainable development, urban Environment, injustice, Air, noise pollutant, Geographically Weighted Regression
  • Parvin Mohammadi, Arash Malekian *, Mehdi Ghorbani, Ali Akbar Nazri Samani Pages 33-47
    Climate Changes affect human societies in different ways, but in the meantime, local communities, especially agricultural sectors, are the most related part of the climate. These features have made local communities to the pivot point of policy discussions and research projects on climate change. In this research, an indicator-based method was used to analyze the local vulnerability in confronting of climate change. Using a field survey and a tool for measuring the vulnerability facing climate change in target areas in Kermanshah Province, a semi-arid climate has been investigated based on vulnerability indicators facing climate change, exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Climate changes have affected people in different ways, such as loss of agricultural, flooding, rising temperature land and water shortages on people's livelihoods, and the vulnerability of rural communities. The evaluation of the vulnerability of rural communities in the face of climate change in the three villages Gawkel (3.1), Gravand (2.93) and Shahrak hlth (2.73). The vulnerability in this region is due to non-climatic factors such as the case study and the sensitivity to climate change and inappropriate factors such as household livelihoods and infrastructure. Due to of the high compatibility capacity, the village Shahrak Helteh, has been more desirable than the two villages of Gawkel and Gravand. Also, Gravand Village has the highest environmental vulnerability of 16.4. The countries with the lowest income levels are more vulnerable and less resilient, while those with the highest income are the least vulnerable and most resilient. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction It is necessary to analyze the effects of this phenomenon in the research from the human and environmental viewpoints due to the human impacts of the climate changes phenomenon, including social, cultural, psychological, economic and infrastructural effects. The vulnerability of the characteristics of an individual or a community is their ability to predict, counteract, and resistance against natural hazards. Researchers believe that one of the ways to increase adaptation in local communities is the right using of existing resources and potential opportunities among them. This study investigates vulnerability facing climate changes in the local communities of Kermanshah province.   2-Materials and Methods To do this research, three villages of Gawkel, Gravand and Shahrak Helteh were selected randomly from the semi-arid region of Kermanshah province based on the Sylaninov climate classification. An indicator-based methodology for vulnerability analysis in dealing with climate change was used in this study. The indicators studied in this study include exposure, susceptibility and capacity-building, that included economic, social, infrastructure, individual knowledge and government. The statistical population was consisted of local communities in Kermanshah province, and a systematic random sampling method was used to select the villages. Therefore, questionnaires were distributed among local communities in three villages. Finally, the number of samples in this study was determined by 90 people and then the data were collected. Finally, the statistical methods were used to analyze the collected data. 3-Results and Discussion The results of the analysis of the status of effective components of vulnerability in the face of change in societies indicate that the vulnerability of components in the communities of the three villages studied were different. According to the average vulnerability of the components in the studied areas, the vulnerability of exposed components, sensitivity, economy and infrastructure is higher than the average vulnerability. As a result, a meaningful test and zero assumption are based on the same distribution of the data. It can be deduced that the average value is different from the mean value. Other social components, infrastructure, individual knowledge and government, sequential, with a numerical value of 0.2, 8.2, 2.5 and 3.2 are less than the mean of the average vulnerability, which is not significant. It can also be stated that the variance of exposed components, sensitivity and economics with the significance level of their values is equal to 0.002, 0.034 and 0.046, respectively, meaning that the component variance in semi-arid region has a significant difference. In addition to other components, the significance level is greater than 0.05. It can be concluded that the variance of these components in the semi-arid region is not significant and the components are homogeneous. Regarding the level of significance at the level of 0.05, it can be concluded that the average vulnerability in the components of exposure, sensitivity, economics, social and government is not significant. Besides, the significance level, in infrastructure, knowledge and government components is more than 0.05. This result indicates that the mean of vulnerability variability of components in the region is significant. The results of measuring the vulnerability of local communities in the face of climate change in three villages of Gawkel, Gravand and Helteh, indicate that the three villages are vulnerable in terms of vulnerability. The village of Helteh with a mean damage of 2.73 was better, but Gravand village with an average vulnerability of 2.93% had the greater disadvantage than the village of Shahrak Helteh. Besides, Gawkel Village with an average vulnerability of 3.1 has the most disadvantaged and vulnerable. The Levine test has a level of significant 0/163; It can be concluded that there is no significant difference between the variances of the studied communities and they are homogeneous. Considering the significance level of 30%, it can be stated that in terms of vulnerability, the difference between the three villages is not significant. 4-Conclusion Climate Changes effect on human societies in different ways, but in the meantime, local communities, especially agricultural sector, are the most related part of the climate and it is the main determinant of location, production resources and productivity of agricultural activities. In this study, using statistical analysis of societies in terms of vulnerability, the results of this study indicate that the components of exposure, sensitivity, economy, and infrastructure are more vulnerable. This is primarily due to inaccuracies such as the geographic location of the case study and the sensitivity to climate change and inappropriate factors such as household livelihoods and infrastructure. Moreover, most of the rural households have very limited adaptability capacity. Gravand Village has the most environmental vulnerability. Also, the village of Helteh has been more desirable because of higher compatibility capacity than the two Gawkel and Gravand villages. The most vulnerable communities are those which, after a catastrophe, can hardly recover and rehabilitate their livelihood conditions. Typically, the poor are more risk averse than the rich. Poorer demographic groups do not have better choices to live in a better place. So they have to live in risky areas. Creation occupation and professional opportunities in villages and institutional coordination in the distribution of tasks related to agricultural compatibility between related departments and ministries, the adoptability of local communities to climate damages can be increased.
    Keywords: Vulnerability, Local Communities, Climate Change, Kermanshah, Adaptive capacity
  • Ardashir Yousefzadeh, Batool Zeinali *, Khalil Valizadeh Kamran, Saayad Asghari Sar Eskanrood Pages 49-61

    Identifying flood-prone areas is one of the essential strategies in planning to mitigate the damaging effects of floods. In this study, topographic and morphological indices were used to investigate flooding. Due to the effect of hydrogeomorphic features on flooding, these features were extracted by ARCGIS software and watershed modeling system with the help of digital elevation model and topography layers. Due to lack of accurate field data and incidence of soil moisture, vegetation layer and precipitation statistics from remote sensing facilities, soil moisture and precipitation were extracted. In order to control and compare the information extracted from precipitation satellite images dated December 03, 2016, it was selected as a flood sample. Due to the importance of topographic moisture index to describe soil moisture conditions and estimation of physical and hydrological characteristics, this index was used and the output map was classified according to the area. To illustrate flood-prone areas, a hybrid model was used in which the soil surface moisture layers (optical trapezoidal model was extracted from Landsat 8 images), vegetation, precipitation and topographic moisture index were applied. After mapping the maps and weighting, the layers were merged into GIS environment and the flood potential map of the basin was extracted and the basin was flooded with five flood susceptibility ranges, moderate floods, partly floods and floods, respectively. The flood was classified. According to the extraction map and analysis, out of 3279 km2, about 81.6 km2 (2.5%) were susceptible to flood and 1.9% of the area with moderate risk of flood was identified. Most flood prone areas are located in the central plain and the north of the basin in the flat marginal lands of the Simineh River.

    Introduction

    Flooding is a natural hazard in many parts of Iran and has been increasing in intensity and frequency in recent years. Studies show that flood damage is not caused by increased frequency, or magnitude of floods, but by the extensive use of floodplain lands. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a comprehensive plan with the aim of controlling, inhibition and optimizing the use of management measures appropriate to all the factors involved in the creation of regional floods.For flood control, flood zoning is one of the best methods for planning and identifying flood sensitive areas with the aim of reducing flood hazards, and identifying flood zones using mathematical models that combine topographic and morphological indicators can be used in the program. Plans can be very effective in reducing risks and injuries.Laval and Omodoji (2017) studied, correlated and significantly correlated vertical roughness measurement surface roughness index (VRM), topographic roughness index (TRI) and topographic wetness index (TWI) in the detection of flood and non-flood areas. The effect of topographic wetness index was higher than other indices.Given the limitations and scarcity of field record information in developing countries, the use of satellite imagery, including TRMM satellite data, can fill the gap.

    Materials and Methods

    The study area of the Simineh river basin is about 2977 km2 from the sub basins of the Urmia Lake Basin. Hydro geomorphic features of the basin have a significant effect on the flood potential and are affected by two factors causing flood. One is the topographic and altitude features that increases rainfall and the flow of water. The other is the use of geomorphic features of the basin to estimate the flood potential that has been used in many parts of the world In this study, a digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 30 m extract of ASTER image was used. The physical properties of the basin were extracted using Archydro application in the ARCGIS10.2 software environment. In the next step, the necessary analyses for the preparation of the topographic humidity index and other parameters were extracted according to Horton parameters.Among topographic characteristics, the topographic Wetness index is a useful and common tool to describe the humidity conditions in the scale of the basin. In the extraction map, the highest value is for the areas with a higher TWI and lower values related to the areas with a lower TWI index.

    Results and Discussion

    The results of TRMM satellite images were used to control and verify the recorded statistics of ground stations. For this incident, 02 December 2016 precipitation were selected as a partial incident. Several factors such as the occurrence of heavy rainfall, the sudden melting of snow in the mountainous region, or the simultaneous operation of both factors have been noted in flood formation in a basin.In this study, the precipitation layer of the meteorological stations is used and compared with the information obtained from TRMM satellite images. Soil moisture index from Landsat 8 satellite images was extracted and used by OPTRAM model on December 19, 2016 and NDVI index was extracted using Landsat 8 images on the same date.After extracting the required maps of the model, all maps were matched in order to match the nearest neighboring method. After implementation of the model, a map of flood risk distribution was prepared. According to the extracted map, and based on the experience and the results of other studies, the total area of ​​3279 square kilometers is about 81.6 km2 (2.5%) prone to floods and 62 km2 (1.9%) with a moderate risk of flood. The area is more prone to floods in the plains of the central and northern basin.Descriptive and spatial information on flood prone areas was collected to identify and obtain the information from high risk areas. These areas are mostly located in the plain and north of the basin on the flat marginal lands of the Simineh River, with 18 villages in the area prone to flooding

    Conclusion

    The study showed that high resolution satellite images such as TRMM are suitable to estimate and severe precipitation, as Islam and colleagues (2010) concluded in their study. The topographic wetness index (TWI) is derived from a digital elevation model (DEM) and hydrological features can be extracted using ARCGIS and WMS software. As Banon et al. (1979) extracted the hydrological characteristics using the topographic index.To complete the information layers used in the model to extract the flood-prone area, precipitation data were extracted from TRMM satellite images and soil moisture using OPTRAM model and vegetation from Landsat8 satellite images. After combining the layers, three layers of classification including topographic moisture, precipitation and soil moisture mapping were assembled using raster analysis with different weights. Finally, spatial hazard distribution map of floods was extracted, with flood intensity of five flood prone areas, respectively, partly flooded, with very low floods and no floods.

    Keywords: Simineh catchment, Flood, Digital Elevation Model, Landsat8, Topographic Wetness Index
  • Mohammad Eskandari Nodeh *, Yaser Gholipoor, Fatemeh Fallah Heydari, Ayube Ahmadpour Pages 63-77

    Cities will have accommodated most of the people around the world in the future. Therefore, the focus of managers should be on making these places more sustainable and resilient. Urban resilience is a concept that has recently been considered by urban planners and managers around the world. This has been a key concept in response to natural disasters and socio-political crises. The purpose of this study is to identify the dimensions of urban resilience and their relationship with urban sustainability in Rasht. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Besides, it is a kind of applied research in which data has been gathered by the methods like the documentation and surveying. The statistical sample of the research consisted of 35 experts familiar with the subject of the research who were selected by Delphi method and reached consensus on the research questions in three stages. Data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software. To determine the validity of the items, a first-order confirmatory factor analysis model was used and Cronbach's alpha test was used to assess its reliability. Model results and standardized coefficient measurements indicate the correlation between the present variables and the corresponding indices. The findings from confirmatory path analysis (structural model) show that social resilience (Beta = 0.87 T 0.87), economic resilience (T = 5.62 eta Beta 0.84), resilience Environmental-physical (T = 9.78 eta Beta = 0.85) and institutional resiliency (T = 8.17 eta Beta = 0.85) affect urban sustainability. Therefore, it is concluded that urban resilience can be considered as the foundation of urban sustainability and paying attention to the benefits of urban resilience in strengthening sustainable urban systems is a vital factor in achieving a desirable urban future.

    Introduction

    The concept of resilience, in the face of political, socio-economic and environmental disadvantages, has attracted the attention of academic communities and decision makers. Resilience has become an important goal for cities, especially in the face of climate change. Although resiliency has recently been added to the suite of planner arguments, it is not a new concept. The Latin root of resilience goes back to the word 'Resi-lire' which means leaping backwards. For the first time, resilience was used in the physical sciences to identify elastic properties and to describe the stability of materials and their resistance to external shocks. In the 1960s, with the rise of systemic thinking, resilience entered the field of ecology and urban planning. The appearance of resilience, signifies the ability to change to protect and preserve the character of the urban system.

    Materials and Methods

    This study aimed to identify the factors affecting urban resilience and its relationship with urban sustainability in Rasht. Documentation and survey methods have been used for this purpose. Questionnaire distribution method is Delphi method. The sample consisted of 35 senior experts familiar with the subject. Factors affecting resilience were identified by documentation studies. They are classified into economic, social, institutional, and environmental categories provided by experts. In this questionnaire, consensus was reached in three stages. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha test. SPSS and LISREL were used to analyze the data.

    Results and Discussion

    Sustainability and resilience are two intertwined concepts, both of which are known as the ability of the system (urban, social, and ecological) to provide optimal development paths. The diversity of the relationship between these two concepts has been studied in the literature and sustainability has been introduced as a normative concept for promoting intergenerational justice, however, resilience is viewed as a descriptive concept, desirable and sometimes even undesirable. However, combining aspects of sustainability and resilience provides strategies that enable these two concepts to work at their full capacity: A city without stability cannot be resilient, and vice versa. What is said implies that resilience and sustainability do not necessarily overlap and can only be said to be a prerequisite for each other. The research findings confirm this. The results showed that social resilience (T = 8.19 eta Beta = 0.87), economic resilience (T = 5.62 B Beta 0.84), and physical-environmental resilience (Beta = 0.85 (T = 9.78) and institutional resiliency (Beta = 0.17 = 0.85) affect urban sustainability. Therefore, it is concluded that urban resilience can be considered as the foundation of urban sustainability. What the authors emphasize in this study is that resilience can be considered as one of the pillars of urban sustainability as a strategy to reshape urban areas from environmental crises and hazards.

    Conclusion

    The city is the product of human effort as a complex social ecological system. As urban planners and executives and other urban area researchers move to a new world of processes in the globalization process, urban paradigms move towards urban resilience and sustainability in times of environmental hazards. In a rational approach, urban resilience and sustainability must be combined. In the view of some scholars, despite the theoretical differences between these two concepts, they can be linked in practice. What is also confirmed in this study is that there is a significant positive relationship between resilience and urban sustainability dimensions. Resilience in social, economic, environmental, physical, and institutional dimensions will move towards urban sustainability when it comes to indicators of participation, environmental justice, equality of education and other influential elements. Besides, Resilience can be seen as one of the cornerstones of sustainability, which is a necessary but not sufficient condition for sustainability. The authors have attempted to study the relationship between resilience and urban sustainability, apart from theoretical and empirical differences. It is clear that these concepts cannot be used interchangeably, but rather that they are cross-sectional and inter-conceptual. Based on the results, it can be said that paying attention to the benefits of urban resilience in strengthening sustainable urban systems is a critical factor in achieving a desirable urban future.

    Keywords: Urban resilience, Urban Sustainability, Structural Equation Modeling, Rasht
  • Sadaf Feyzi, Niloufar Abedinzadeh, Mehrdad Khanmohammadi *, Mehdi Aalipour Pages 79-98
    Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) power plants often have negative, positive and environmental effects. Based on the sustainable development approach, assessing the environmental impact is one of the requirements for the construction of MSWI power plants which can lead to more use of its benefits, lower costs, and frustrate community discontent. In this research, separating the construction and operation phases, the desired and undesirable effects of municipal solid waste incineration power plant in the environment are predicted. Then, the studies on the environmental effects of MSWI based on two selected areas in Rasht County (Lakan and Pasiyekhan districts) were performed using the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM). The findings revealed that the first priority is allocated Lakan district with a score of -142 in the construction phase and a score of -340 at the operation phase. Pasiyekhan district with a score of -146 in the construction phase and a score of   -496 in the operation phase is not a priority. Based on the results, the construction of MSWI power plant in Rasht decreases the need for landfill which can not only have a positive effect on improving the social conditions and the satisfaction of local communities but also prevent Saravan environmental degradation process in Rasht County. Comparing the negative effects of the project implementation and activities indicate that the most negative effect in both phases is related to the physical-chemical environment. This impacts are caused by the severity of construction activities emissions of gases, dioxin and furans, unpleasant smell and MSWI ash. The interactions of environmental parameters affect the intensity and radius of their propagation. Therefore, if environmental management practices are applied, incineration can be a good way to manage waste. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction  Nowadays, the amount of waste has increased due to population growth, rapid urbanization and changes in patterns of consumption. In the solid waste management system, there are various options for managing waste according to the amount of waste produced and its composition. The waste incineration process aimed at reducing waste landfilling and energy recovery is one of the most common methods for waste disposal in some countries. The reasons such as the value of habitat, the lack of suitable lands in terms of meeting the environmental requirements, high level of groundwater and short distances of cities from each other has made the northern provinces of Iran have lots of limitation for sanitary landfilling. One of the proposed waste disposal options is the implementation and operation of the Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) power plants. MSWI power plants often have environmental impacts and potential mismatches. Impact assessment of MSWI power plant based on a sustainable development approach, as one of the requirements for the construction of MSWI power plant, will lead to more advantages including reducing costs and eliminating community dissatisfaction. The purpose of this research is to provide an optimal option for managers and planners to construct MSWI power plants in Rasht, in order to minimize the environmental impacts of this development. 2-Materials and Methods This descriptive-analytic study is based on expert opinions, field and library studies. In this regard, the environmental impact assessment of MSWI power plant in Rasht has been carried out for two proposed options in Rasht (Lakan and Pasiyekhan districts) using Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM). At first, the environmental status of the study area is described. The negative and positive impacts of MSWI power plant will be predicted during construction and operation. Then, they have been given a score by separating the environments (physical, chemical, biological, biological, social, cultural, economic, and technical). Being able to convert qualitative features to quantitative ones, RIAM method can evaluate and compares the options in a short time and illustrates the results in charts and tables. 3-Results and Discussion  Based on the results of this study, the first priority is assigned to Lakan district with a score of -142 in the construction phase and a score of -340 at the operation phase, and the second priority to Pasiyekhan district with a score of -146 in the construction phase and a score of - 496 in the operation phase. Comparison of the effects shows that the most negative effect in both phases is related to the physical-chemical components. Pasiyekhan District has more negative effects than Lakan District due to some reasons such as the remoteness of the city of Rasht and the depth of underground water. The proper utilization of MSWI power plants due to the reduction of waste landfill and energy recovery improves environmental conditions and the quality of life satisfying people in the indirect district of the present study. In addition, the results indicate that the activities of the construction and operation of MSWI power plants have adverse environmental effects on air quality in the area of deployment, soil, plants, and water resources. The major environmental hazards come from this development including the emissions of gases, dioxins, and furans, unpleasant smell and ash which are intensified, in term of parameters the intensity and radius, by  the Interactions of environmental 4-Conclusion  Regarding the environmental characteristics of Rasht County, and the findings from the evaluation of the effects of the rapid impact matrix, there are slight differences in the degree of the influence of some parameters in the studied areas. Therefore, it is imperative that management and planners in the field of waste management take the necessary precautions to comply with the required laws and policies. Therefore, compliance with environmental laws and control measures, such as the construction of airborne pollution control systems (Acid scrubbers, Bag filters, Activated carbon systems, etc.), can greatly reduce the severity and risk of hazard occurrence. Designing corrective actions through engineering operations and management plans are effective in reducing the adverse environmental impacts at each stage. If, from the outset, by doing EIA, environmental considerations are taken into account in the development plans by doing EIA and making an integration between the environmental policies and development plans, ay harmful effects will be prevented. Also, in order to understand the environmental performance of waste disposal methods better, it is suggested not only to use other quantitative-maker tools of environmental impact minimization but also to apply far more areas beyond the local scale of projects such as stain methods and environmental risk assessment in future studies.
    Keywords: Waste management, Incineration, Pollutants, Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix, Rasht
  • Marziye Shojaei, Kamran Shayesteh *, Behnaz Attaeian Pages 99-114

    Urbanization and urbanized areas have a significant impact on local and global climate. One of the most important its effects is surface urban thermal variations (SUTV), including surface urban heat islands (SUHI) and surface urban heat sinks (SUHS). The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of landscape pattern changes and the efficiency of landscape metrics in analyzing surface urban thermal variations in Hamadan using Landsat 8 satellite images. Having calculated land surface temperature (LST), the SUHI and SUHS regions were identified, the existing land uses in these areas were classified and finally landscape metrics at class and landscape levels were extracted using FRAGSTATS software. The results showed that the highest temperature in the study area was seen in the areas with no vegetation cover, in other words the main component of SUHS is agriculture patch, while soil patch is the main constituent of SUHI. The relationships between LST and landscape metrics were also examined. LST and patch density (PD) were negatively correlated. In SUHS, in contrast to island heat areas, LST had a negative correlation with AI metrics and had a positive and significant relationship with PD metrics. The higher the consistency between land use and landscape patterns, the lower the temperature and the higher the fragmentation, the higher the temperature effect. The results indicated that land surface temperature in Hamadan is not affected just by land use composition and land cover, LST in Hamadan is not only affected by the combination of land cover, but also the spatial configuration and structure of the landscape is influenced.

    Introduction

     Urbanization and urban areas have a significant impact on local and global climate. One of the most significant impacts is the urban surface heat changes, which include Surface Urban Heat Islands and Surface Urban Heat Sinks. Analyzing heat islands and heat sinks, and understanding the relationship between them and urban landscape patterns can provide valuable information for designing effective mechanisms to reduce heat islands in the urban scale.In order to analyze the landscape pattern, in addition to the shape, size and type of patches, the proximity of the patches and the distribution of the landscape patterns should also be examined. Therefore, understanding the spatial distribution of landscape structure in complex patchwork mosaics has become one of the major issues in landscape pattern studies. The metrics are used as quantitative indicators for measuring and describing landscape patterns.

    Materials and Methods

     For land surface temperature analysis, the advantage of satellite temperature data is advantageous due to the limited number of synoptic stations in the city and the high cost of collecting terrestrial data. It is possible to identify urban microclimate details with the help of satellite images obtained from surface heating patterns. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of changes in urban landscape patterns on urban surface temperature in Hamadan county using Landsat 8 satellite images.The Hamadan County is located in the middle part of Hamadan province with an area of ​​2831 km2. It is naturally located in a mountainous area and has a variable climate. In this study, the Landscape of Hamadan was divided into eight categories: water, impermeable surfaces, soil, agriculture, rangeland, dry farms, saline soils and other. The points were sorted visually.The Landsat 8 image thermal band and ENVI software were used to calculate the surface temperature. To identify the urban temperature changes, the definition of the urban heat islands proposed by Hu and Brunsell (2013) was applied to identify the heat islands and heat sinks based on the surface temperature changes throughout the study area.To analyze the variation of landscape patterns within the area, surface temperature variations were calculated based on the classification results, a set of landscape metrics (including composition and configuration) within the heat islands and heat sinks. Six classes and three landscapes were considered based on landscapes measurements using FRAGSTATS software.Percentage of landscape, Largest Patch Index, Patch density, Aggregation Index, Fractal dimension index and Mean Nearest-Neighbor were the considered Landscape metrics at the class level; and the percentage of land cover, the largest patch index and the aggregation index were considered at the landscape level. The Class level metrics were calculated without sampling.Spearman correlation was used to examine the relationship between land surface temperature and surface spatial metrics in heat islands and sinks in the study area.

    Results and Discussion

     In the whole study area, mean surface temperature was 39.71 ° C, standard deviation 4.4, minimum temperature was 19.56 and maximum was 50.87 ° C. The first category of temperature represents the coolest zones, or heat sinks, and includes mountainous areas and agricultural lands with dense vegetation. The second category covers most of the central part of the county with thin vegetation, and the third one, or thermal islands, is most prone to agricultural lands and has much lower vegetation coverage, or they are without vegetation.The maximum land surface temperature is in the bare land and the surface temperature is drastically lower in the relatively dense vegetation. In the heat islands, there was a negative correlation between land surface temperature and patch density with a correlation coefficient of (-0.395); and a positive correlation with aggregation index and largest patch index with correlation coefficient of 0.221, 0.226In the heat sinks, in contrast to the heat islands, the aggregation index and the largest patch index had a negative correlation with the patch density index.At the class-level, the bare soil occupies a large proportion of the urban thermal islands, and the lowest percentage is for the agricultural class. While within the heat sinks of the city, the agricultural lands accounted for the largest percentage. This indicates that the composition of the landscape has a major influence on the surface temperature.At the landscape level, where the whole area was considered to be a unified landscape, there was a significant negative correlation between the aggregation index and the largest patch index with surface temperature in the urban heat sinks.

    Conclusion

     While dense urban zones were expected to have maximum temperatures, in this study the impermeable surfaces did not have high temperatures. Rather, the vegetation had the main role so that areas with high cover density had low surface temperature, and the areas with low vegetation cover and bare soils showed high surface temperatures. Therefore the vegetation was the most effective factor in the surface temperature changes in the study area.
    The results relatively revealed that by modifying the composition and configuration of the landscape at the class and landscape levels, the effects of urban heat islands could be mitigated or the effects of urban heat sinks increased.

    Keywords: Landscape Metrics, Land Surface Temperature, Surface Urban Heat Islands, Surface Urban Heat Sinks