نشریه مطالعات زن و خانواده
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پاییز 1398)

The Infertility is unpleased and unexpected event that can place a lot of stress on the affected person. Regarding the issue of infertility in the country, identifying coping strategies and reducing the stress of infertile women, especially women who have shown a lower level of adjustment, are necessary. The main goal of the present study was to identify the coping strategies of women involved with infertility problem (infertile women and women with infertile wife) and then to introduce appropriate infertility counseling model in line with findings. This study is part of a larger study entitled "The Phenomenological Study of the Challenges of Women Affected by Infertility", which was conducted with a qualitative approach and a phenomenological method. The sample of this study was 33 women who referred to infertility clinics of Akbar Abadi, Firoozgar and Imam Hossein Hospitals in Tehran in May 2014. They were selected through purposive and accessible sampling and studied using semi-structured interviews. The analysis of data on coping strategies led to the emergence of eight sub-themes: focusing on the positive aspects of marital relationship, focusing on the positive aspects of infertility, reducing the importance of the child, avoiding, spiritual justification (gifting, divine test), Secrecy (maintaining a man's position, freeing from pity, illegitimate childhood imagery through methods of fertility), hope and generalization. The results of this research can help counselors in the proper selection of infertility counseling strategies and focus on effective coping strategies in order to empower and improve the quality of life of infertile couples.

One of the issues which has been taken into consideration in these years, is tending to less childbearing. Consequently, fertility rate decrease in cities is remarkable. The goal of this study is exploring demographic, socio-cultural, and economic factors which are related to "tend to wanting fewer children" in Tehran city. Data were collected by survey method in fall, 2013. Samples were 406 married women, who have 15-49 years old, and they reside in Tehran city. The factors which have a significant relation with tendency to fewer childbearing have been found. They are demographic factors: older age at first marriage of wives and husbands; social factors: women's education level, norms of having few children, individualism, and inability to create a harmony among housework, parenting, and occupation; and economic factors: lack of sufficient income, job insecurity, belief to the country's economic instability, and inability to provide house. Regression analysis shows that in one hand the number of survived children increases the tendency to childbearing, and on the other hand importance to individual freedoms, and independence decrease the tendency to childbearing. In addition, inability to incorporating housework and parenting, and also lack of coordination between parenting and occupation or education decrease the tendency to childbearing, as well. As a result it can be said that the fertility is based on benefits and social costs of childbearing.

Although the marriage between man and woman is based on love and affection, but after some time due to problems, such love may become hatred and then lead to divorce. By accepting divorce, the Islamic legal system has attempted to eliminate its inhumane features and managing it ethically. This research, which is a descriptive-analytical research, was done in a library method. This study has set many different aspects for divorce by expressing the ethical principle of "doing what is well-known". The present article attempts to analyze this issue by examining the "well-known" and "beneficence" according to jurisprudence analyzing these two components as a criterion for elaborating some sentences and examining its status in the behavior of men during divorce. To this purpose, it has examined whether these two components are bound to the subject of the commandment or to the commandment itself. Such an analysis can determine a man's code of behavior.

The purpose of this study was prediction of psychological well-being based on hope and perceived social support among women-headed household. The research method, was descriptive and correlative. The statistical population consisted of all women-headed household that are under support of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation songhor city. From among those, 150 patients were selected with available sampling. Participants completed Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff, 1995); Adult Hope Scale (Schneider, 1991) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al, 1988). For analyze the data, Pearson correlation and multiple regressions were used. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between hope and psychological well-being (R= 0.531, P <0.01). Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being (R= 0.751, P<0.01). Regression analysis showed that hope and perceived social support, predict %60 of psychological well-being variance. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that hope and perceived social support are important factors in prediction of psychological well-being. Therefore, it is suggested that pay attention to these factors in preventive and therapeutic interventions.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of group emotional schema therapy on reducing loneliness and rumination of divorced women. This quasi-experimental study was pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of the present study was all divorced women in Mashhad who were called through a consulting clinic and a health center in Mashhad to participate in the research. Sampling method was purposive sampling and voluntarily. Among those who referred, 24 people were selected based on the criteria for entering the research and randomly assigned to two groups of experimental and control. In order to measure the variables of the research, the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adalts Scale and the Rominative Response Scale were used. Before the treatment and at the end of the treatment, the two groups responded to the questionnaires. participants in experimental group were exposed to the group emotional schema therapy during 8 sessions and the control group did not receive any treatment. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that group emotional schema therapy significantly decreased loneliness and rumination in the experimental group compared to the control group. The results of this research showed that emotional schema therapy can be an effective way to reduce the loneliness and rumination of divorced women.

The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of life review therapy on loneliness and resilience in divorced single parent mothers in 2016. In this research was used of an accessible sample of divorced single parent mothers in Mashhad city that they replied to the researcher`s evocative. The sample of research included 20 divorced mothers that by randomly method assigned to experimental group (10 person) and control group (10 person). The participants of experimental group 10 sessions of 90 minutes educated by group life review therapy and participants of control group did not perceived any treatment. This research was a quasi-experimental of type a design pre-test post-test with control group. The instrument in this current study were loneliness questionnaire loneliness (UCLA) and Connor Davidson Resilience Scale. Both groups completed questionnaires as pre-test and post-test. The results showed that group life review therapy was effective on reducing the loneliness (F=54/17,P

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Positive Psychotherapy on Time Perspective, Emotional Well-being and Optimism in students with Depression disorder symptoms. This research was a semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of the study included all female students with Depression disorder symptoms in medical Isfahan University. The sample size of the study consisted of 24 students with Depression disorder symptoms, who were selected by purposeful sampling method on the basis of a Beck depression inventory (BDI-II). They were randomly divided into two groups experimental and control. Then, the participations of the two groups were evaluated using the Life Orientation questionnaire of Scheier and Carver (1985), Time Perspective (Zimbardo, 1999), Subjective well-being (Keyes, Magyar-Moe, 2003). The experimental group received group Positive Psychotherapy intervention (6 sessions of 90 minutes) while the control group received no training at all. The results of covariance analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between the scores of Time Perspective, Emotional Well-being and Optimism in the experimental and control groups in the post-test. Experts in the experimental group, in comparison with the control group, received higher scores in Emotional Well-being and Optimism. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that Positive Psychotherapy intervention is an important factor in increasing Emotional Well-being and Optimism and moderation Time Perspective of students with symptoms of depression disorder.