فصلنامه آموزش و اخلاق در پرستاری
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

Surgery has played a major role in medical centers in the world. The operating room staff are required to take care of patients undergoing surgery. However, staffed with diligence and commitment, are likely to make mistakes in their professional tasks. Detection of errors and mistakes is recognized as the basis for maintaining and improving patient safety. One of the most sensitive and hazardous times in operating room is admitted of the patients. Therefore, the present study was aimed at investigating the errors in the patient admission process in the operating room.

This descriptive-sectional study was conducted in the operating rooms of selected hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2018-2019. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic information and 11 questions concerning errors in the patient's admission process.  Data were entered into SPSS-21 and analyzed by descriptive statistical tests.

212 people completed the questionnaire and the mean error in the patient admission process in the operating room was 29.39%. The highest scores were related to the patient's fasting time by 40.2% and correct relationship with the patient during the admission by 39.7%, and check the site of surgery had lowest score (11.5%).

Given the incidence of errors in the patient admission process in the operating room, which can pose problems and risks, operating room personnel and personnel should take the necessary measures to eliminate and reduce these errors.

Adherence to the standard process of obtaining informed consent from patients in the field of therapeutic activities can play an important role in reducing the complaints of physicians and other therapists and consequently reducing legal and judicial interventions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge of Jahrom clinicians about patient satisfaction and acquittal (2018).
Methods and Materials:This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Twenty-five clinicians participated in the study in 2018. Data gathering tool was standard satisfaction and acquittal questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests.

The mean level of knowledge was 11.12 2± 2.44. Also, the lowest level of knowledge was 6 and the highest was 16. The level of knowledge in 4 people (16%) was unacceptable, 19 (76%) moderate and only 2 (8%) were unacceptable. The overwhelming majority of specialists (91.7%) had liability insurance and 39.1% stated that they were risk-takers and 56.5% stated that they were somewhat risk-takers and only 4.3% stated that they were not.

The results of this study showed that 76% of participants in this study had moderate knowledge. Lack of familiarity with consent can lead to problems for the medical community and endanger the health of the community. Therefore, legal training should be provided through retraining programs and workshops designed to enhance the information of clinical professionals.

Professional ethics is one of the requirements of any profession, which can have beneficial aspects like those of organizational, personal, social and economic. Anger is also one of the factors that can
have a negative impact on the professional functioning of individuals and it causes many physical, psychological and interpersonal problems that need to be controlled in any system.

The present study is an interventional study in which 80 pre-hospital personnel of Kerman city were entered by available sampling method. The subjects were equalized and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Data were collected through demographic characteristics checklist, Anger Control Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 24 and independent ttest, Analysis of variance, paired t-test, ANOVA and Chi-square test.

Before intervention, there was no significant difference between the two intervention and control groups regarding the mean scores of anger control (p<0.89). But after the intervention, the mean score of anger control in the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.000).

The results of this study showed that professional ethics education has increased the respect for human dignity in pre-hospital personnel. Therefore, the teaching of ethical principles is constantly and continuously necessary for staff in relation to the patient in the form of in-service training or during education.

The medical science profession is not only limited to acquiring the required knowledge and skills but it also requires specific human attributes that are necessary to pursue this profession. Nurses have a responsibility to make and act on their professional values based on their profession. The purpose of the present study was to standardize the Nursing Professional Values Questionnaire.

In this correlational survey study, 220 students of semester six to eight of Mashhad Nursing and Midwifery Faculty in 2015 were enrolled in the study through the census method. The construct validity of this assay was determined by factor analysis. Factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the factors of the nursing professional values questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis, principal components, Scree test, and varimax orthogonal rotation method were used.

Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis were used in factor analysis of the nursing professional values questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis, principal components, Scree test, and varimax orthogonal rotation method were used. Finally, according to the significant results of the Kaiser- Meyer- Alkin test and Bartlett's sphericity Olkin; three factors were obtained. These three subscales include the subscales of care, professionalism, and pragmatism.

According to the results of this study, the modified version of the Professional Values Questionnaire is a necessary form to measure the professional values of students. This questionnaire is somewhat different from the one developed by Weis and Schank and has fewer questions that prevent the tester from being tired. Therefore, this questionnaire is suitable for assessing nurses' professional values.

Moral sensitivity is a combination of one's awareness of dimensions such as being responsible and Attention to ethical issues that are necessary for ethical action. Enhancing experience alone does not increase moral sensitivity, but should be accompanied by learning and knowledge development. On the other hand, considering the impact of the educational environment and the hidden curriculum on the development of professional features of medical students, we aimed to compare the ethical sensitivity of nurses working in teaching hospitals and nursing students.

In this cross-sectional study, 82 senior nursing students and 123 nurses working in teaching hospitals were involved after obtaining informed consent. To collect data, Luetzen's moral sensitivity questionnaire was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software.

The mean score of moral sensitivity of nursing students and professional nurses was 61.74 ± 9.74 and 62.41 ± 8.77 respectively, and there was no significant difference between them. The mean score of moral sensitivity with demographic characteristics was not significantly correlated.

The role of hidden curriculum and ethical performance of nurses in professional development of students is inevitable. Therefore, it is suggested that training and development of ethical sensitivity and supervision of nurses' performance should be considered.

Moral distress is one of the most common ethical issues in health profession that can have different consequences for nurses to be followed .This study aims to develop ethical and moral distress communication was in the Nursing Bam.The sample included 166 nurses of educational hospitals in the city of Bam in 2015 , questionnaire based on Corley’s Moral Distress  and kohlberg moral distress. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software,
descriptive statistics Spearman’s correlation coefficient, independent samples t-test and ANOVA were used.

Ethical care is contingent on a proper level of moral reasoning,which can be categorized into pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional reasoning. At the preconventional level, individuals are mostly self-oriented and prefer obedience to avoid blame. At the conventional level people apply laws and social principles to decision-making, and at the post-conventional level they try to guide their actions and behaviors with regard to ethical principles and make humanist and ethical decisions. 10 patients (0.6%) of nurses in the pre-conventional level, 51 (30.7%) in conventional, 94 (56/6%) in the post-conventional (NP). There was a significant relationship between age and repeated distress ( P <0.05), the age of nurses is lower the higher the intensity of distress. Gender also has an effect on the severity of moral distress nurses . So that women were more severe distress.

The results of this study, there was no relation between moral distress and moral development, in other words, workplace stress has no effect on the ethical performance of nurses do not study. Moral distress level was moderate in severity and recur. Also, only half of the nurses in the study were pre-conventional level of moral perfection in the expression of inadequate nursing care, indicating the need for more attention to the moral education of nurses.

From Islam point of view, ethics is a matter of reason, revelation and intuition. The Western medical ethics are rooted in the Hippocratic Oath which is considered as the foundation of medical ethics. One of the main branches of medicine is physiotherapy with an ancient base equivalent to medical knowledge. Therapists used water therapy and massage for the treatment of diseases from ancient time.

The aim of the article is to investigate medical ethics from the perspective of Razi and Ibn Sina according to their writings and comparison with the American ethical codes of physiotherapy (APTA).

This paper deals with major issues in Islamic ethics and ethics in modern physiotherapy by reviewing the books of Muslim doctors at the time of the flourishing of Islamic civilization and the various statutes and books that have been devised in recent years in the field of modern physiotherapy ethics.

Patients are the main focus of physiotherapy codes of ethics. Ibn Sina has pointed to three axes of medical performance, medical research, and the attitude and belief in Islam and ethics. The most important criteria of medical ethics are the observance of ethical standards in medical profession and observance of moral standards in research affairs. APTA ethics codes include patient treatment, counseling, education, and research and management.

Considering the importance of attention to ethics in Islamic texts, more effective medical ethics texts can be drawn by obtaining common ground between two attitudes (patient-centered). Examining the ethical codes of APTA shows that the cases were mentioned in the books of Iranian thinkers during the flourishing of Islamic civilization.

Human cognition has an undeniable function on all issues that directly or indirectly address the dimension or dimensions of human beings and determine the do's and don'ts of interacting with them. Thus, people's attitudes toward man and his realms of existence overshadow issues related to other sciences. One of the most important areas of human thought that is directly related to anthropology; it is the medical science that has emerged with the aim of maintaining and ensuring the physical, social, mental and spiritual health of human beings and has been developed with the benefit of human intellect and experiences. The central connection of this science with human dignity has caused the attention to ethics in it to be doubled compared to other professions and occupations. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain the effectiveness of Sadrai anthropology education on the ethics of the medical profession from the perspective of professors of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.

This qualitative study was conducted with a content analysis approach and with the participation of 12 faculty members of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Purposeful sampling and interview were semi-structured with open-ended questions. Then, the data were handwritten line by line and after saturation, they were analyzed by qualitative content analysis based on Mayring method.

After analyzing the data classes; 5 The main themes of the importance and necessity of teaching Sadrai anthropology, transcendent anthropology, promoting professional ethics, increasing the prestige and prestige of the medical profession, the excellence of the health care team, and increasing the commitment and adherence to professional ethics; It appeared to indicate the effective areas of this educational approach in anthropological teachings.

The findings of the study emphasize that familiarity with this system of thought in human cognition has functions that can lead physicians and medical staff to observe more professional ethics and adhere to its ethical codes.