Iranian Journal of Virology
Volume:13 Issue: 1, 2019

Fowl pox vaccine is produced in the Razi Institute for almost half a century and has a favorable and productive yield in poultry flocks and has provided complete satisfaction to the poultry breeder. In terms of comparing the efficacy of this vaccine with imported vaccines, the following research was conducted.

In this study, based on the latest protocols of European Pharmacopeia and OIE, 100 SPF chicks were divided into five groups: the first group was given 20 SPF chickens at the age of 8 to 10 weeks of domestic vaccine (Razi Institute: Live attenuated (inoculation in the wing with the needle of the twin branches); also in the second to fourth group: to 60 SPF chicks (in three groups of 20) at the age of 8 to 10 weeks; imported vaccines (I, C and H) were injected. Finally, in the fifth group, 20 chicks were considered as controls and did not receive vaccine. Response of the immune system was observed 7 to 10 days after vaccination by observing nodules at the injection site (Takes reaction). At 21 days (three weeks), all four groups vaccinated with acute pathogenesis of fowl pox strain were challenged.  Chickens were observed daily for 21 days after vaccination and the results of vaccination immunization were evaluated and analyzed by statistical analysis.

The results of the experiments indicated that after vaccination, 100% of the vaccinated chickens were positive by takes responses and after being challenged in four groups vaccinated in the Razi, I, C vaccines 100% and vaccine H, 95% of the immune responses were observed lesions in the Crown of the birds, and in the control group, there were symptoms of cartilage like in 100% of the birds.

In general, according to the OIE standard, the above experiments showed that fowl pox vaccine Razi Institute induces high immunity and has efficacy similar to imported vaccines.

IFN beta-1a is a recombinant protein which reduces the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosisdisease. The purpose of this study was comparison the effects of gamma irradiation and acid pH methods on the biological attributes of recombinant protein IFN beta-1a in order to viral inactivation.

IFN beta was produced by recombinant-DNA in CHO Cell line which include human IFN beta gene and divided in two parts. The acidity of one part was adjusted about pH=4 by hydrochloric acid and incubated two hours, then was returned back to initial pH=7 by NaoH (1 M). The second part was irradiated by a Nordian model 220 gamma irradiator, with different doses: 10, 25 and 50 kGy. The prepared samples with both methods were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and HPLC.

The HPLC indicated decreasing in purity and protein content of gamma irradiated samples, whereas these properties for the acidic pH treated sample was the same as the standard sample. Aggregation of gamma irradiated IFN beta-1a protein and increasing of the protein molecular weight were shown by SDS-PAGE, but it was without any change in molecular weight (22.5 KDa) at acidic pH sample. Also, decreasing of IFN beta antiviral activity through decreasing its concentration has been shown via antiviral assay.

The low pH method can be used for viral inactivation without any change in structure and biological activity of IFN beta-1a but the results indicated differences between the irradiated and standard samples, whereas the acidic pH treated sample was the same as the standard.

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), is as a type C retrovirus, which was first isolated from a patient with Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Approximately 10-20 million people are infected by HTLV-1 virus worldwide, but only 5-10% of them develop clinical manifestations such as Acute-T lymphoma (ATL), HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), uveitis, and infective dermatitis. Indinavir was the first protease inhibitor used for treating HIV-1. It has some activity on HTLV-1, but it is not fully able to inhibit the HTLV-1 protease. Nowadays, design and construction of novel pharmacophore compounds can serve as an appropriate replacement for Indinavir. 

In the present research, we used bioinformatics studies, to evaluate the potential role of four novel pharmacophres with inhibitory function on HTLV-1 protease, so called KMI pharmacophores (Keikha Modified Indinavir).

After a detailed structural analysis of each of them, it seems all four designed phamacophores, (especially KMI-3) could be more effective on HTLV-1 protease than Indinavir.

According to exact in silico evaluations of each four pharmacophores, KMI-3 demonstrated a potential for its use on treatment of HTLV-1 infections.

Epstein–Barr virus is primarily the cause of acute infectious mononucleosis and can also cause lymphoma and autoimmune diseases. Th17 cells, which are a unique subset of ThCD4+ cells, direct the infection toward inflammation through production of inflammatory cytokine IL-17. In contrast, Treg Foxp3 cells inhibit inflammation through secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, leading to chronic infection.

As IL-17 and IL-10 play a key role in determining the acute and chronic state of the disease, in this study, by evaluating the levels of IL-17 and IL-10 and their ratio using qRT-PCR in 10 patients with acute infectious mononucleosis and 10 healthy individuals as negative control, we investigated the correlation between production of these immune factors and the disease. After collecting 5 ml blood samples from patients and healthy individuals, PBMC culture, RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, qRT-PCR, and statistical analysis were performed.
Results and

The results showed a significant increase in the level of IL-17 and a significant decrease in the level of IL-10 in the patients compared to healthy subjects and consequently an increased IL-17 to IL-10 ratio. Therefore, future treatment strategies might be established which are capable of preventing reactivation of the virus and development of tumors and autoimmune diseases.

Avian pox infection is a widespread disease with cyclical occurrence in endemic areas, especially in areas with dense poultry production. An outbreak of poxvirus infecting commercial laying herd in Esfahan, Iran, is reported. The current study attempted to realize if new isolate has been emerged and, if so what the difference is and how it has appeared.

The chickens were previously vaccinated against pox. Avipoxvirus was isolated by PCR analysis of specimens taken from the infected skin lesions and mucosal tissues (trachea).

Sequencing and alignment of the amplified P4b gene of the avipox showed 100% similarity to the FP/NobilisVariole W (vaccine) and fowlpox virus vaccine strain (FPV-VR250). The Iranian avipoxvirus isolates in this study grouped in clade A1 with other Iranian commercial chicken avipoxviruses.

This research is the latest report of APVs outbreak in a commercial laying herd in Iran. It seems indispensable to investigate vaccines' efficacy, which is being used in Iranian commercial laying herd routinely to illuminate whether these vaccines have appropriate efficacy or not and are they still effective? We intended to update the viral monitoring system as to country livestock and poultry.

The  ability  of  the  reovirus  to  destroy  various  cancer  cells  in  vitro  and,  the  success  of  the  virus  in  conducting  clinical  trial  phases  of  cancer  therapy  has  attracted  the  attention  of  researchers  toward  the  virus.  One  of  the  main  needs  for  the  investigation  of  the  viral  effects  and  the  virus-host  cell  interaction  is  preparation  of  the  purified  virus.  Most  of  the  protocols  have  been  based  on  the  use  of  suspended  cell  culture  equipment  that  normally  does  not  exist  in  the  research  laboratories.  We  optimized  a  virus  purification  method  that  was  based  on  using  cell  culture  flask  and  adherent  cells.

L-929 cells were used for reovirus propagation.  After sufficient CPE, the cells were collected and pelleted.  Using  Vertrel-XF  treatment  and  ultracentrifugation  on  the  cesium  chloride  (CsCl)  gradient,  purified  reovirus  was  obtained.  It  was  subsequently  concentrated  by  filtration  using  a  100kDa  Amicon  unit.  Finally,  infectivity  and  the  number  of  purified  human  reoviruses  were  evaluated  by  plaque  assay. The  band  of  purified  human  reovirus  was  aspirated  form  the  ultracentrifugation  tube  and  then  was  dialysed  and  concentrated  by  filtration  in  Amicon  unit.  The  titer  of  purified  human  reovirus  was  determined to be  3×1012  PFUs/ml.

In  present  study,  we  established  a  protocol  for  the  purification  of  human  reovirus  without  need  for  equipment  of  suspension  cell  culture. 

Although,  the  time-consuming  dialysis  procedure  was  removed  from  the  end  of  the  work  and  replaced  with  a  rapid  and  simple  filtration  method,  the  high  titer  of  purified  human  reovirus  was  acquired.

Poultry vaccines are intensively used to prevent and control infectious poultry diseases. The aim of vaccination is to reduce the occurrence of clinical disease. Several factors affect vaccination programmers which emphasize the crucial responsibility of person designing the vaccination program. There are limited studies evaluating the knowledge and attitude of veterinarians toward veterinary vaccination. A veterinarian working in veterinary vaccine supplier and administrator centers have a significant role in assisting farmers and poultry owners for vaccination and disease control decisions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception, knowledge, and attitude of a veterinarian regarding poultry vaccination. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 31 centers in different provinces of Iran. The data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS. The analysis revealed that most of the veterinarians are highly familiar with veterinary vaccines, vaccination programs, side effects and effect of maternal antibody on vaccination. However, most of them believed that poultry owners have low knowledge about vaccination and decided to put the opinion of poultry owners in low priority during decision making. Effectiveness of the vaccine and scientific evaluation of new vaccine was the main criteria for choosing a vaccine for the herd. Most respondents believed that proper vaccination program and matching between field and vaccine are the main factors for successful vaccination. Furthermore, they believed that the most effective route of vaccination for ND, IBD, and IB are eye drop, drinking water and spray respectively. Further evaluation of poultry owners regarding their knowledge of vaccination is recommended.