فصلنامه پژوهش های ژئومورفولوژی کمی
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 31، زمستان 1398)

Introduction :

Earth subsidence is one of the natural hazards under several conditions, including over-‎exploitation of groundwater, large dams, mining, extraction of fluids from the earth, ‎tectonic and so on. The subsidence causes changes in the geomorphic phenomena of arid ‎and semi-arid regions, which are important due to the occurrence of human complications ‎on different forms, the study of changes due to subsidence in these phenomena is ‎important. Due to the fact that the rate of change in land subsidence as well as the speed of ‎the geomorphological phenomenon is very slow and slow, measuring instruments are of ‎great importance. In this case, static technique is not suitable for monitoring, and dynamic ‎techniques should be used. One technique is the production of radar data. Today, radar ‎interferometry is a common method for measuring the surface deformation of the earth's ‎crust. Global coverage, good resolution of radar images, acceptable accuracy, repeatability, ‎the ability to monitor all areas of study at different time periods, this technique is a ‎powerful technique for studying and measuring land surface changes.‎ Case study:‎ The studied area is Yazd-Ardakan plain which is located in Yazd province. The area of ‎Yazd-Ardakan plain is 11775 square kilometer cover withe longitude are 53º15̍ to54º50̍ ‎east and latitude are 31̊15̍ to31̊15̍ north. ‎

‎ Data and method:

‎ Data used in this study‏ ‏are divided into two general categories, include Scrolling‏ ‏data ( field ‎data for three pilot) and earth observation satellites are data collected from four satellite ‎such as ENVISAT ASAR and Sentinel l satellites from the European Space Agency, ‎Digital Elevation Model ALOS PALSAR Sensor from the University of Alaska, Landsat ‎Satellite from the USGS, survey data from NCC ‎ of Iran as well as data from the studied ‎area. And GIS data including Stream, land use, watershed data related to Yazd plain of ‎Ardakan from the NCC of Iran.‎ This research is based two main steps. The first step is to calculate the amount of land ‎subsidence, for which the images of Sentinel 1 and ENVISAT ASAR satellites were ‎extracted from 2003 to 2018, and using the interferometric method, the amount of ‎subsidence of Yazd plain of Ardakan was calculated and in the second stapes, the ‎geomorphological condition of Yazd plain of Ardakan was studied. To detect changes in ‎geomorphic phenomena digital using with Elevation model ALOS PALSAR Satellite and ‎Landsat satellite imagery‏ ‏that extracted drainage from a digital elevation model using digital ‎stream extraction method. Landsat satellite imagery after preprocessing using edge ‎detection filtering to detect changes in phenomena in specific times series. and last stepe, ‎the relationship between the rate of land subsidence and the changes in geomorphological ‎phenomena was identified.‎ Stream Extraction from a digital elevation model:‎ A digital elevation model with a special resolution of 12.5 meters is derived from ALOS ‎PALSAR data for drainage pattern extraction. The extraction of drainage pattern from the ‎aforementioned digitization model was carried out using the Hydrology tool in the ArcGIS ‎software package and based on the value thresholds of different accumulation rates.‎ Select the Landforms of the study area (Three indicators landform)‎‏ ‏ Initially, the whole range of Yazd plain of Ardakan was considered and then the water ‎density map for Yazd Plain of Ardakan was produced. In addition, the map of land ‎subsidence was extracted for the study area, and then two maps were automatic ‎superimpose. The highest density of the streams, which corresponded to the subsidence, ‎selected as a pilot. Drainage pattern more over change due specific morphological can be ‎to generate version which local SHAGH (the crack which can font exist in area of ‎subsidence from) drainage pattern furthermore the stream pattern has been change in ‎special form and density level it is important to mention that extraction specific this ‎increases surface erosion‏.‏Then Galli's pilot is similar to the previous two‏ ‏pilot‏ ‏automatic ‎superimpose‏ ‏on subsidence map. Largest Galli that was on a descending region was as a ‎pilot‏ ‏selected.‎ Differential radar interference technique:‎ This term is used to measure parameters such as topography, surface-displacement and ‎surface displacement due to phase interference of two or more radar images with virtual ‎holes derived from the same region. This method is able to detect surface changes ‎occurring on the ground at different intervals with millimeter precision using at least three ‎‎(two + DEM + or more radar images).‎ The interferometer includes the phase difference between two images. The height at each ‎point of the region is determined at the time interval between the two images by the phase ‎difference check. The interferometer is created by the mixed blend of the original image in ‎conjunction of the dependent image. After interferometry method, ENVISAT ASAR and 1 ‎SENTINEL images created the interferometric and, after the final processing, converted to ‎vertical displacement values in meters per meter.‎ In two times, we had a subsidence of 13 centimeters in the study area, which has occurred ‎in Ardakan, Meybod, Rostaq and Takhzar areas. The highest abandonment rate is in the ‎Ibrahimabad area.‎

‎ The phenomenon of subsidence causes surface morphological changes such as changes in ‎the pattern of surface currents. On the data processing field study and integration of this ‎data need out that tree phenomena were surface to maximum changing namely SHAGH, ‎GALI and stream pattern .in additionally the reach was shown the change shagh length ‎from 2003 to 2018 rate of increasing 202% from 18 km to 56 km, and the Galli' area ‎increased by 50% from 4 hectares to 6 hectares and the streams increased by 47% from ‎‎165 hectares to 241 hectares.‎

Introduction :

The Flash Floods occurrence are the main features of dry areas. Iran is not exception, because of locating in an arid and semi-arid region of the world, so that there have been registered 3700 damaging flood in the past 50 years (1330-1380). This situation is somewhat more critical in areas like Hormozgan Province. For example, two thousand billion rials have been damaged by only a 110 mm shower in Minab city on March 5, 2013. Arid areas are introduced as one of the most vulnerable parts of the world in terms of shower characteristics and unpredictable floods. Unprotectability character are going to be intensified in the arid and semi-arid regions like Iran where rainfall and runoff data are incomplete. The arid regions, especially the ones have large catchments, require to installation, setting up and maintenance of equipment and systems of flood recording and it isn’t easy to preparing such facilities. So, it is necessary to calibrate some methods that can be estimated the amount of runoff from rainfall in the lack or incomplete statistics basins for which flood forecasting are essential in hydrological studies and designs, water resources management. So far, many methods have been considered by many researchers to simulate runoff rainfall to predict flood. Their development has led to the production of hydrological simulation models using computer models. One of the successful models in this field is the software HEC-HMS, by which many researchers have used to predict the flood. In this research, the Minab dam basin has been used as an example of arid and semi-arid regions due to the presence of data to simulate rainfall-runoff using HEC-HMS software. It is located in the southwest of Kerman province and in the northeast of Hormozgan province. The basin is one of the largest and most important catchments in the southern coast of Iran with an area of 9845 square kilometers. Climate of the basin is hot and dry and it has a Mediterranean rain regime with a mean annual rainfall of 230 mm.

Material and Methods:

The three methods studied in this study were implemented using a HEC-HMS software with the entry of the required values in the losses section and in the runoff and base water section. Three methods, SCS, Clarke and Schneider were compared and analyzed in the runoff section. In the loses section in all three methods, the SCS method was used and a fixed monthly model was used to calculate the base current. The parameters and their values required for each of these methods to using for simulation are: CN amount and the initial losses and delay time for the SCS method, the storage coefficient and the concentration time for the Clark method, and the standard lag time and the peak coefficient for the Schneider method. After initial simulation to determine the optimal value of these parameters, calibration of the model was performed for five rainfall-runoff events. The peak discharge error percentage and Nelder and Mead searching method have been calculated during the calibration process of the model with the objective function, and then repeated correction of the parameters and the calculation of the best fit between calculated and observed hydrograph were performed. It was detected the value of the parameter obtained from the acceptance model calibration . by the suiting the fitness and production of the nearest hydrograph to the observed hydrograph. Validation of the model was carried out based on two selected rainfall-runoff events that was not involved in calibration. In the validation section, flow simulation is performed with a new parameter, independent of the parameters used in the calibration step. The new parameters result from the numerical average of the calibrated parameters. The approximation rate of computational flow to the observational flow indicates that the model is valid. Otherwise, the accuracy and validity of the model will not be accepted. Finally, sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the effect of each of the parameters on simulation accuracy.

Results and Discussion:

 The results of this study showed that SCS unit hydrograph method was determined as the appropriate method for the studied basin, given the lower difference percentage between observational and computational peak discharge, so that the values of RMSE for each of the three SCS, Clark, and Schneider models are 353.0, 117.75, and 79.2920, respectively. Also, sensitivity analysis of the model to different parameters showed that the most influential factor on the model is CN with 591.191, initial losses with a sensitivity of 1/335 and delay time with the value of 0.813, respectively. 

Conclusion:

 Since this area is located in a arid and semi-arid area, and many of the predictions of flood failure for arid areas based on SCS, it can be concluded that this model is considered a suitable model for drylands. This method can be more reliable for where have geomorphologic conditions similar to the upstream of the minab dam . However, the study of geomorphological characteristics and the emphasis on modeling based on these features can lead to accurate models and predictions.

Space-syntax analytical approach is related to the space phenomenology and some space structural arrangements including, textures, patterns, ratios and relations. In Iran military doctrine, defensive strategies had bolded more than space syntax patterns and interceptions in the scope of residential area development. Therefore, recognition of space structure, can be a foundation for territorial perception and basic land use planning and then affecting cognitive scope of the other sciences, causing to enrich it. In this study, with respecting to the space-syntax approach, geo-demographic space, conceptualized, modeled and formulated in a hierarchical structure including spatial syntax, array and element. First, spatial syntax structure had descripted and interpreted using concepts such as spatial relationships, patterns and ratios. Then, spatial relationships acting between in situ and demographic arrays, had conceptualized and modeled. These modeling had performed in the conceptual, mathematical(numerical) and graphical stage, respectively. the models, resulted in spatio-graphs with fractal and non-fractal structures to represent relationship depth and intensity inside spatial components. Cumulative, distance-based, scattering and distributional arrays, were considered in the scope of spatial patterns syntax. Conceptual models prepared and developed using quantitative and mathematical models. Spatial ratios had also interpreted with allometric-isometric concepts and then combined with hypothetical concepts of space syntax to form conceptual and quantitative models. The recent research main goal is to follow residential space perceptions, using space syntax recognition components related to the demographic elements in order to be used in the basic land use planning, passive defense, behavioral management and territorial space security.In order to achieve the research objectives, the following process was designed:Step 1: Determine and identify the space of the study area and understand the problem.Step 2: Study document resources.Step 3: Prepare database.Step 4: Spatial Join.Step 5: Select space elements to analyze geo-demographic space syntaxAt first, the demographic parameters were extracted from the statistical data of Iranian Center of Statistics and the most comprehensive list of cities in Iran separated based on the provinces, cities and villages in the study area, and the location and population were determined. In the following, the geomorphic and climate parameters were selected by regarding the geodemographic space of the study area. Data collection from information sources was divided into four raster data, vector data, climate data, and software database categories and then, the data were assessed.

Relying on the theory, space syntax and phenomenological approach, this research analyzes the spatial layout of settlements. It tries to discover the logic of space syntax in the northern coast of Persian Gulf by presenting some concepts such as spatial relationships, spatial patterns and configuration, and spatial ratios as the elements of spatial analysis in the layout of settlements.

In this research, the fundamental concepts such as spatial relationships, spatial patterns, and spatial ratios are considered as the elements of spatial analysis in the layout of settlements in relation to the environmental components.For modeling the spatial relationships among the four modes of relationship between the elements, two modes were considered: one to many, and many to many. Accordingly, each mode took the form of a conceptual model in a hierarchical and multilevel (fractal) or single-level (non-fractal) manner for the land of Iran and the coastal provinces of the Persian Gulf. Then, they were formulated and finally, displayed in the graphical form. Also, the correlation matrix of demographic and geomorphic components was generated and all the relationships were individually used for the pairwise comparison. As a result, the parameters with stronger relationship were identified.For analyzing the spatial patterns, the analysis of frequency distribution of geomorphic parameters such as height, slope, geomorphic units, drainage basins, distance from the coast, distance from the peaks, distance from the streams, density of peaks, density of streams, climate parameters of temperature and precipitation, and latitude and longitude as two spatial dimensions, and the demographic parameters such as the density of urban and rural populations and the density of urban and rural points was performed. For generating the spatial models, analysis of the geographical distribution measurement, a set of statistical-spatial analyses including the central feature, mean center, median center, standard distance, and directional distribution analyses were performed using the geographic information system on the urban population of the study area, and their location was determined.Finally, the ratio of geomorphic and demographic components was analyzed by expressing the spatial allometric-isometric concept in the layout of settlement space and the components with higher allometric and isometric ratios were selected and classified according to the numerical correlation ratio as strong, moderate and weak.

In this research, relying on several epistemic fields which are considered an innovative approach, the conceptual models such as fractal and non-fractal spatial relationships, spatio-graph, and allometric-isometric spatial ratios were presented and transformed to quantitative, mathematical and graphical models to maintain the relationship between the theoretical and epistemic foundations with the quantitative and mathematical modeling.In this research, with the emphasis on the approach to space syntax and phenomenology, allometry, post-hunters, and geospatial theories, the geodemographic space of the Gulf catchment area is analyzed and conceptualized, and in all parts conceptual modeling is applied to modeling Numerical, mathematical and quantitative numerals have been driven to maintain the relationship between theoretical and epistemic foundations with quantitative and mathematical modeling. Therefore, based on a number of epistemological fields which are innovative in their own way, models such as fractal and non-fractal spatial relationships, space science, alometric-isometric ratios are presented. The results of this research show that the recognition of the structure of space and the formulation of habitation alternatives can be the basis of cognition and territorial perception and fundamental harmony, and the art and skill of discovering the logic of space syntax allow us to do this. We can provide the desired layout space.

Introduction:

 order of The rate of corrosion The erosion of karstic dissolution is the amount of corrosivity that occurs in carbonate rock and may occur at the level or in deep sections of the karstic mass (inside the gaps) . Karstic erosion is one of the major issues in hydrogeomorphology, which evaluates the degree of dissolution of carbonate formations on the surface of the interfaces. The purpose of this study is to calculate the rate of erosion karsticity using field and laboratory methods to obtain the results of this research in environmental planning 

 Methodology:

In this research topographic maps of 1: 50000 basins were used and 1: 100000 maps of geology were used. We then digitized using the ARC GIS software and prepared layers and maps. The method used in this research is Empirical and laboratory. After field studies and sampling of karst and rivers, we are preparing the required data to estimate the dissolution and erosion of karsticity in the experimental models of Swinging, Corbel, Xiong And also laboratory techniques such as water hardness analysis (TDS), isometry (EC), rock density, calcic acid analysis using ICP method and Bernard calcium in the studied basin. Also, using the weighting methods for lime percentage and also the method of studying the Co2 content, the amount of gas produced was obtained.The study area is Kalat mountain basin in Kopet Dagh Zone, located in the mountaind of the Hezar masjed and northeastern parts of the country Results and discussion Empirical techniques and formulas to calculate the Karst erosion rate in the studied basin: 1. Corbel equation One of the most suitable equations for determining the rate of erosion dissolution is the Corbel Equation, which is presented as follows: X = 4ET / 100 = 4 × ./7 × 845/100 = 23.66 2. Sweeting equation Various calculations have been made to determine the level of lowering the level of karst through dissolution. These calculations, without considering the deep dissolution and the presence of organic acids (that is, according to Dalton's artistic law on gas adsorption), is one of the most commonly used ones (Chorley, 2007, p. 215). (Swinging, 1972): X=FQTN/(〖10〗^12×AD)=12.92 3. Xiong equation Gyeong et al. (1482: 2009) presented the equations for the Karst dissolution in nature, introduced by Cao (101: 2005). In which the average annual temperature is 16.49%, the erosion rate is 20 cubic meters per square meter. According to their findings, when the air temperature is low, rainfall variations have little effect on the rate of dissolution, but when the temperature reaches 16 to 20 ° C, with the increase in precipitation, the rate of dissolution of the karst increases rapidly. Gyeong equation 4. 20 × 168.37 = 20 The results of the Gyeong model show that in the studied basin, this model is not relatively efficient. laboratory techniques and formulas to calculate the Karst erosion rate in the studied basin: 1.Measurement of lime in sediment by calcicometric (volumetric) method with Bernard calcium Calcite calcite percentage was determined in calcium test based on the following equation (Zanganeh Asadi, 41: 1395). 1.K = V * 100 / N * 224 . The average amount of lime purity and calcite content calculated from the samples of the four formations tested was 36.3%. 2.ICP method (analytical inductive coupled plasma): The results of ICP calcification technique showed that among the four formations investigated, ICP Tirgan, Mozduran, Shurijeh and Sarcheshmeh were Tirgan with 38.43% calcium, Mozduran 2 with 38.43%, Sarcheshmeh with 38.38% and Shurijeh with 7% had the highest lime content in the basin, respectively . 3. Water hardness and density of rock basin To determine the degree of difficulty of the water sample of the basin, the following relationship is used: TDS = 0.64 * EC = 0.64 × 1320 = 844.8 To determine the density of the limestone sample, we measured the volume and weight of the sample with a precision laboratory scale, which was 35.18 grams and 22 cubic centimeters, and a density of 1.60 grams per cubic meter. 4. Measure the amount of co2 in the rock According to the measurements of the amount of co2 in stone samples using a Bernard calcium device, the amount of carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide in the rock samples is 448 cubic centimeters. 5. Weighing test method According to this experiment in Kalat Formation in sedimentology laboratory, the amount of lime is 56.3%.

 Conclusion: 

To conduct hydrochemical and geochemical experiments, water samples from the surface of the basin were tested for hardness and electrical conductivity. In order to conduct geochemical experiments in basin rocks, 4 rock samples were selected from calcareous formations of the basin including Tirgan, Mozdaran 2, Kalat and Shurijeh. Geological map was marked. In order to achieve our goals, we performed 4 rock samples in Mashhad Azad University Azad University, using ICP, calcium, weighing methods and Co2 measurement method, which average, 38.5, 36.3, 56.3 and 448, respectively The cubic centimeters were obtained with the mathematical and experimental formulas of the corbel, switching and Xiong, the annual dissolution rate of limestone formations of the basin was obtained that With the mathematical and experimental formulas of the Corbel, Swinging and Xiong, the annual formation dissolution rate of the basin was estimated to be 23.66, 12.92 and 20 cubic meters per square meter, which seems Corbel method to be more effective in the studied area. 

Introduction :

Petrological and geological studies are of great importance in natural resources management. The fractal technique is used as an instrument to achieve accurate results in a shorter time. Geological maps are very useful in natural resources management, industry, especially refineries, and mine exploration. Due to the large scale of available geological maps, small scale geological maps should be provided in details. The fractal dimension, as a measure of surface roughness over a variety of scales, can be used to model the dissipation of erosive products due to climatic elements and fluvial transport. Nowadays, by using new fractal technique and terrestrial survey, more accurate results on geological units can be obtained in a shorter time. This research aims to compare the performance of two techniques of quantitative parameters non-dimensionalization in geomorphology such as drainage network density index, and fractal dimension, to separate geological units in the Taft watershed, Yazd province.

 Materials and Methods:

 Taft watershed, as the study area, located in the Yazd province, that is situated between 53° 43' 38'' to 54° 14' 54'' E. longitude and 31° 33' 22'' to 31° 49' 06'' N. latitude. There is high diversity of geological and lithological units, including gd (Granodiorite), K^(t-1) (Taft lime), and K^S (conglomerate and sandstone) in this watershed. Three geological units selected in the study area. In each geological unit, , 10 plots of 2 km×2 km (samples), and 10 plots of 2 km×2 km (tests) were selected respectively inside and outside of the study area for analysis. To identify and distinguish three studied geological units, drainage network was drawn in each geological units through geological map of the Iranian Geological Survey and satellite images of the Google Earth and field observation. Afterwards, using Fractalyse and ArcGIS softwares, their fractal dimension and density were calculated. Output results of the Fractalyse software is some numbers that one of them indicates the fractal dimension of those lines. Fractal dimension number is between one and two. The area and network length of each plot were calculated by ArcGIS 10.2 software. Then, the drainage network density of each plot was calculated by equation 1. Drainage Network Density= Drainage Network Length (km)/ Plot area (km2) (1) Efficiency of the two dimensionless indices of drainage network density and fractal in separating geological units were compared by two

A) Validation: In each geological unit, the calculated numbers of the samples and tests should be averaged individually. Then, equation 2 is used to calculate the validation of each geological units. Validity= sample/test (2) Sample: Average fractal dimension of drain networks for sample plots. Test: The mean fractal dimension of drainage networks for test plots. Or Sample: Average density of drainage networks for sample plots. Test: The average density of the drainage networks for test plots. B) Comparing the sample and test by using QQ diagram, the line equation, the coefficient of determination and the angel of deviation: In drainage network fractal dimension, QQ diagram is plotted between samples and tests' fractal dimension. Line equation, coefficient of determination and angel of deviation were calculated. Moreover, the QQ graphs were plotted and calculations carried out on the drainage network density.

 Results and discussion:

Results of the first comparing method (validation) in both techniques are very good and similar. In second comparing method (i.e. QQ graph, angle of deviation, and coefficient of determination), coefficient of determination in the drainage network density in K^S, gd and K^(t-1)geological units were 0.99, 0.93 and 0.94, respectively, which are more than drainage network fractal dimension. The standard deviation in drainage network fractal dimension in K^S and gd and K^(t-1)geological units are +17.05, - 1.48, and +8.37 respectively, these values in the drainage network density are much lower (i.e. better). The angle of deviation in drainage network density of K^S, gd and K^(t-1) geological units are + 0.21, -2.4, and +0.22, respectively. According to the results, the drainage network density index is better than the drainage network fractal dimension in identifying and separating of the studied geology and lithological units of K^S, gd and K^(t-1) in the region. 

Conclusion:

 The results of the accuracy assessment of both techniques are very good and similar to each other. Therefore, in this comparison, both techniques of drainage network density index and drainage network fractal dimension have high efficiency in identifying and separating of the geological studies unit. However, The drainage network density technique is the best technique of quantitative parameters non-dimensionalization in geomorphological studies in identifying and separating of geological units in the Taft watershed, Yazd. 

Planning and related issues should be in a win-win situation between man and the environment. Unfortunately, this has been neglected in human environments, which has caused a lot of costs. The purpose of the research is "Investigating the manipulation on the water bodies (River and Qanat) and fault". The research is based on applied one. The research data, including the river route, were extracted by preparing the DEM and performing the necessary analyzes. The shapefile of Tabriz Qanats prepared by the Tabriz Regional Water Organization as well as Tabriz fault shapefile by the consultants of Padir. Road map of Tabriz downloaded from OSM. The analyzes done by applying standard rules for the river, Qanat and fault. Investigations on level two and three Streams showed that the residential, commercial and industrial uses are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use in the first place. Secondary Arterial Roads had the longest length in the level two and three frontages. In the three-level frontage of main Qanat and Qanat, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential uses have the highest extent. In the fault Frontage, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use has the first rank. Planning and related issues should be in a win-win situation between man and the environment. Unfortunately, this has been neglected in human environments, which has caused a lot of costs. The purpose of the research is "Investigating the manipulation on the water bodies (River and Qanat) and fault". The research is based on applied one. The research data, including the river route, were extracted by preparing the DEM and performing the necessary analyzes. The shapefile of Tabriz Qanats prepared by the Tabriz Regional Water Organization as well as Tabriz fault shapefile by the consultants of Padir. Road map of Tabriz downloaded from OSM. The analyzes done by applying standard rules for the river, Qanat and fault. Investigations on level two and three Streams showed that the residential, commercial and industrial uses are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use in the first place. Secondary Arterial Roads had the longest length in the level two and three frontages. In the three-level frontage of main Qanat and Qanat, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential uses have the highest extent. In the fault Frontage, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use has the first rank. Planning and related issues should be in a win-win situation between man and the environment. Unfortunately, this has been neglected in human environments, which has caused a lot of costs. The purpose of the research is "Investigating the manipulation on the water bodies (River and Qanat) and fault". The research is based on applied one. The research data, including the river route, were extracted by preparing the DEM and performing the necessary analyzes. The shapefile of Tabriz Qanats prepared by the Tabriz Regional Water Organization as well as Tabriz fault shapefile by the consultants of Padir. Road map of Tabriz downloaded from OSM. The analyzes done by applying standard rules for the river, Qanat and fault. Investigations on level two and three Streams showed that the residential, commercial and industrial uses are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use in the first place. Secondary Arterial Roads had the longest length in the level two and three frontages. In the three-level frontage of main Qanat and Qanat, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential uses have the highest extent. In the fault Frontage, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use has the first rank. Planning and related issues should be in a win-win situation between man and the environment. Unfortunately, this has been neglected in human environments, which has caused a lot of costs. The purpose of the research is "Investigating the manipulation on the water bodies (River and Qanat) and fault". The research is based on applied one. The research data, including the river route, were extracted by preparing the DEM and performing the necessary analyzes. The shapefile of Tabriz Qanats prepared by the Tabriz Regional Water Organization as well as Tabriz fault shapefile by the consultants of Padir. Road map of Tabriz downloaded from OSM. The analyzes done by applying standard rules for the river, Qanat and fault. Investigations on level two and three Streams showed that the residential, commercial and industrial uses are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use in the first place. Secondary Arterial Roads had the longest length in the level two and three frontages. In the three-level frontage of main Qanat and Qanat, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential uses have the highest extent. In the fault Frontage, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use has the first rank.

Introduction:

 Rivers are active phenomena and are one of the most important factors affecting the geomorphological processes of the earth and the erosion cycle whose ecosystems are completely dynamic and their boundaries and their morphological characteristics change over time and continuously. The bed and characteristics of river morphology according to time and under the influence of factors such as flood, tectonics, dam construction, climate change, land use and human intervention is changing. River morphology Conceptually, the science of knowing river systems in terms of geometric shape, river bed properties, longitudinal profile and study of river channel variations as a natural process in alluvial rivers. By studying the morphology of rivers, it is possible to understand the current conditions and the potential for possible changes, such as spatial and temporal changes of the bed and its morphology, in the future. The Silakhor River in the northeast of Lorestan province, in the plain of the same name, is one of the most active tectonic areas in Iran. The river is affected by the active tectonic, active fans and human activities it has a change of bed. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the morphological changes of the Silakhor River in a 20-year period (1995-2005) section at a length of 61 km, estimating the amount of erosion, sediment, and unchanged river boundary in the three studied periods and such identification is the process of changing the shape and pattern of the river studied.

 Methodology:

The study of temporal-spatial variations of the Silakhor River has been carried out in four stages. At first, the required tools such as satellite imagery, geological maps 1:100000, topographic maps 1: 25000 and GPS were prepared for use in various stages of the research. In the second stage, satellite images (Landsat 8) were prepared for 1995, 2005 and 2015, and the river route was extracted in 3 periods in ENVI software environment. In the third step, using the union tool in the Arc GIS software environment and the extracted paths in the 3 periods studied, The erosion, sedimentation and unchanged areas were determined in the three periods 1995-2005, 2015-2005, and 1995-95. In the fourth stage, after specifying the points of the river change and estimating the area of erosion, increase (sedimentation) and unchanged area in the three studied periods, the causes of morphological changes in the Silakhor River were investigated.

 Results and discussion:

 The study of the spatial variations of the river extracted route in the three periods of 1995, 2005 and 2015, and their overlap, indicate that the river route and bed have changed during each of the three periods. So that in some areas of the river bed, has risen or decreased and in some places remained unchanged. But due to the nature of the meandring of the river in the Silakhor plain, the major changes were in sections 2 and 3 of the river. Estimated changes in the Silakhor River indicate that the river has destructive and erosion power and the river canal has been moving in every three periods. But differences in displacements at any point in any period of time, as compared to other periods of time, are observed in the form of erosion, sedimentation or unchanged. But in general, in the first, second and third sections in the three periods studied, the right bank of the river was mainly erosion and the left bank was increasing (sedimentation). So that the maximum amount of erosion during the period 2005- 1995, the maximum increase (sedimentation) over the period 1995-2005 and 2015-2005, and the maximum unchanged area for the period 2005-2015. The factors influencing the spatial and temporal variations of the Silakhor River are investigated in three Section, the effects of geological structures, the effects of alluvial fans and human activities. The results showed that in the northern part of the region, the river is more along the path of the fault shoots with the northwest-southeast trends along with the Dorud fault and some branches of the fault are almost perpendicular to the fault. The presence of such a factor has led to a change in the overall route of the river in the areas of fault and river confrontation and the river flows in a different direction than before and follows the path of the fault. The presence of large alluvial fans around the Silakhor River indicates that the large river curves follow the alluvial fans of its path. Also, the occupation of the land around the river, its conversion to fields and the constrict of the river bed and the removal of sand from the river bed are considered as the most important human factors of the river's morphological changes.

 Conclusion:

 The results of the overlapping of the river course in three periods showed that in some areas of the river bed boundaries increased or decreased and in some places remained unchanged. But, due to the nature of the meandring River in the Silakhor plain, major changes were made in sections 2 and 3 of the river. Also, river time variations show that in the first, second and third sections of the three periods studied, the right bank of the river was mainly erosion and the left bank was increasing (sedimentation). Estimation of erosion, sedimentation and unchanged river boundaries also showed that the highest amount of erosion during the period 2005- 1995, the highest increase (sediment) was in 1995-2005 and 2015- 2015 and the largest unchanged area in 2005-2015. Keyword: spatial - temporal changes, morphology, Silakhor River.

Investigation of River Meanders Geomorphologic Changes Using Satellite Imagery During the Period from 1990 to 2018 (Case Study: Bashar River) Introduction Identification of the shape and structure of the river is called the river morphology so that it can be obtained by knowing the river morphology. The morphology of a river is affected by different factors such as the rate of erosion and sedimentation. In river morphology studies, information such as geometric shape of the river, shape of bed and longitudinal river profiles can be obtained. The most common criteria related to river morphology are geometric or River Plan Rivers are one of the main sources of water and energy for human beings Bashar River is one of the branches of the Khorsan River and flows in the city of Yasuj and part of the city of Sepidan in Fars province. This basin, with geographical coordinates of 30 °, 15 ° to 30 °, 50 ° north, and 51 °, and 25 ° to 51 ° and 48 ° east, collecting waters of this highland area and entering the Khersan River. The Bashar River, about 150 km long, originates from the western slopes of the Zagros Mountains, whose early branches are located in the northwest mountains of Sepidan, Fars province, and flows along the southwest to the northwest. The area of Bashar basin is 3099 square kilometers and its maximum height is from the height of Yasouj 4283 meters and the minimum height is 1320 meters.

To identify the hydraulic and morphological characteristics of the rivers, the quantitative geometric parameters of the river are measured and calculated. In the study of Meanders to determine the behavioral pattern of the river and how it changes over time, the Cornish method and river pattern recognition through satellite images have been used. In order to obtain the river wavelength on the river plan, the ArcGIS software first defined the curvature routing points of the river, and then the two points indicated by a single segment are connected, the length of this segment can be calculated in the ArcGIS environment. Remote sensing technology has a higher position in tracking river changes than other methods of study, because in most cases it is not possible to study the field for us, or it is too time consuming or costly, or to have authentic historical documents available to us. In order to determine the variation of the Bashar River route by using distances, the satellite images of the area were first obtained and processed using ENVI software. For this purpose, after the digitization, the study area was cut and the Flaash method of atmospheric correction was applied to the images. In the next step, for the overall understanding of the unregistered classification area, the method was K-means or C-means. Then, for the classification of the oversight, using the classes constructed by ROI, Maximum Likelihood is one of the most accurate and most used monitoring method. ArcGIS software was called to determine the amount of image changes. A binary method was used to isolate water pixels in the images. To determine the maximum river change, the buffer was 100 meters along the route. The Thaning method was then used to separate the river from other parts of the water.

By measuring the central angles of the Meanders in AutoCAD software, their information and specifications were calculated and the number of river meanders from the source to the end was determined. Then, using the Cornish method, the central angle of each meander is calculated and by predicting the extent of development of each grunge, the menders that have a high potential for interruption in the future can be predicted. According to the information obtained from the Meanders of the Bashar River, the Meanders are categorized and identified using the GIS software, according to their type of route. They are divided into four simple, direct, composite, and arterial meanders. Euclidean distance was measured in different parts of the river that was more distorted and more variable in order to determine the extent of the river route changes and which period of erosion occurred. So, to calculate the Euclidean size, at first, where the river route had a large difference, two points were measured and the distance difference was measured, and then the coordinate system was determined. Then, in Excel, the difference between the two points was calculated and the corresponding graph is drawn which shows the distance and the amount of path changes in two years. In this area, from both directions of the river in 1990 and 2018, about 40 points were taken at an approximate distance of 3.5 km, and the difference between these two points was measured and plotted. Conclusion One of the main goals of this study was to investigate the changes in the bedding of the Bashar River. The results show the potential of the river to produce morphological changes in different sections of the river route, so that Figure 14 shows the river route changes during the period from 1990 to 2018, indicating that about 62% of the route is displaced and Changes have been made. According to the results, the role of human in the creation of Meander was determined by analyzing the river route. Meanders, along with human activities, such as agriculture with change in use and construction or harvesting of sand, had the most displacement. It can almost be said that along the river's route, it is rarely seen that it has not been used by humans. The results show that the extraction of the Bashar River route using satellite imagery to determine the river boundary has a high potential in analyzing geomorphology and identifying changes and the river is moving. The study of river bed changes using remote sensing analysis revealed that the basin of the Bashar River during the statistical period (2018-1990) was about 38% unchanged and 62% affected by various factors.

Introduction:

 Soil degradation by water is the most serious form of land degradation in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, where soil formation rates are usually less than soil degradation due to rapid soil erosion, the impact of human abuses And incorrect use of soils. For this reason, crushing land control strategies such as agricultural agriculture, mulch, environmental improvement or land expansion are necessary to avoid drought in agricultural land. Awareness of the process of soil erosion and sediment transport as an effective factor in reducing soil fertility and soil loss, filling dams, catching and blocking irrigation channels, polluting water from rivers, and reducing water quality have long been considered by geoscience experts. Understanding the factors affecting sediment production plays an important role in determining the amount of sediment yield of a basin and understanding the phenomenon of erosion and its consequences and can be used to prioritize sub basins in a watershed. Areal characteristics encompass morphological characteristics such as drainage density, stream frequency and watershed shape parameters. Ease access to Digital Elevation Models, remote sensing data as sediment yield predictors, simplify the calculation of the watershed geomorphic characteristics. The purpose of this study was to use the geographic information system to extract the watershed geomorphic characteristics and determine their relationship with sedimentation in the Gharanghoo basin.

Methodology:

This study was conducted in 19 subwatersheds in Gharanghoo basin. In order to select appropriate subwatersheds, the hydrometric and rainfall data for hydrometric and meteorological stations were obtained from East Azarbaijan Regional Water authority for the selected watersheds. Annual sediment load was calculated using sediment rating curve method. Physiographic and geomorphic characteristics including 25 geomorphic parameters were calculated for each sub watershed using digital elevation model with spatial resolution of 30 m. In order to determine the relationship between geomorphic characteristics and sediment yield of the subwatersheds, a multivariate regression stepwise analysis was used. In the multivariate regression, the important geomorphic characteristics which affect watershed sedimentation are identified and based on those parameters, the best annual sediment yield and geomorphic characteristics equation were presented.

 Results:

 The annual amount of sediment varies from 63500 tons per year in the Kalghan sub basin (Kalghan dam) to 4636762.6 tons per year in the gharanghoo area at the intersection with Ghezel Ozan. Basin sedimentation weight as dependent variable and other parameters were considered as independent variables. The variables of flow volume, area, environment, equivalent rectangular length, equivalent rectangular width, drainage density, branching index, minimum height, coefficient of elongation and roughness of the basin were compared. Other variables have higher correlation with sediment yield. The result of the study of the relationship between geomorphic characteristics and sediment of sub-basins showed that the amount of sediment produced with flow volume and basin coefficient was positively correlated and was significant at 5% level. The principal components analysis (PCA) method was used to identify the factors affecting sediment yield of the existing variables. The results show that the four factors of area, area, length and coefficient of form of basin are 50, 20.9, 13.6 and 7.7 percent of the variance of all variables, respectively. In total, the four finalized factors have been able to explain 92.2% of the variance of all research variables.The results show that the four factors of area, area, length and coefficient of form of basin are 50, 20.9, 13.6 and 7.7 percent of the variance of all variables, respectively. In total, the four finalized factors have been able to explain 92.2% of the variance of all research variables.

Discussion & Conclusions:

 The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between the geomorphic characteristics of the studied watersheds and annual sediment yield. Watershed Form factor is a dimensionless index for flood flow and movement, erosion severity and sediment transport capacity of watersheds. This factor is a function of watershed area and length. Run off and amount of flood peak in bigger watersheds will increase sediment yield. Many researches have reported high correlation between rainfall and sediment yield. Arid climate and poor vegetation cover in selected watersheds is the main reason for high correlation of rainfall and sediment yield. Soil erosion and sediment yield will increase due to high intensity and low duration of rainfall along with scarcity of vegetation cover and erodible soils in this region. Overall, study results indicated that with the development of new technologies and the possibility of extracting different physiographic and geomorphic parameters of watersheds from a digital elevation model, it is possible to present regional equations for prediction of sediment yield using geomorphic characteristics that can be used in sediment control and Watershed Management Programs.

Introduction :

The Zagros fold-thrust belt belongs to the part of the Alpine-Himalayan system, represented by the southern Zagros-Dinaride branch of the orogenic belt. This is an orogenic segment NW-SE trending to a distance of nearly 2000 km and structurally consists of many synclines and anticlines. However, as basement faults are hidden from view under the more recent sedimentary units scarcely reach the surface. As a consequence, the identification and study of basement faults has mostly relied on indirect information such as anomalies in topography. Within the Zagros fold-thrust belt, there are many pierced salt plugs that are known as Hormoz series. Hormoz Salt Basin includes many diapirs of Cambrian salt that have risen through the Permian to Recent sediments. The aim of this paper is identification of basement faults in the Zagros fold-thrust belt using interpretation of satellite images, and determination of relationship between basement faults and salt plugs of Hormoz series using Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques such as the weights of evidence modeling. 

Methodology:

 In this research, we examined many techniques of remote sensing for the recognition of faults, and then we did field checking to determination of the accuracy of the work. Remotely sensed data, including Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) images, were used to obtain information on structural features and for deriving lineaments of the study area by production of color composite images and applying some filters, such as Laplacian and Sobel and also some directional filler. Usually, the basement faults are hidden by sedimentary cover, and their location is uncertain, but there is some evidence for identification of them, such as deflections in trends of fold axes, offset markers and alignments of salt diapirs. In the study area, most of the folds have a general east-west trend that some detachment folds are cut by basement faults. There are deflection in general trend of folds and have been classically interpreted as the effect on the cover of strike-slip movement along underlying basement trends. Some conceptual models for the evolution of the fold structures affected by basement faults, offered by Leturmy et al. that in this research are confirmed.

 Results and discussion:

 In the studied area, 34 normal and strike slip faults were recognized. Some of these basement faults could have an important role for salt uplifting. Fault No.1 is strike-slip fault with 26o azimuth crosses Larak salt plug and Hormoz salt plug and caused deviation and sinistral displacement of east of Namak anticlinal axes. Based on this fault activity, some minor faults formed parallel to the major fault. Fault No. 2 the strike-slip fault with 129o azimuth caused a deviation of the Faraghon and Namak anticline axes. This fault crosses Darbast, Takhu, Kushk kuh-West, and Gahkum salt plugs. In some tectonics text, this fault is known as Oman line. Fault No.3 This fault is known as a Minab fault, the trend of the Minab anticline and the deviation of that axis can be considered as this fault's function. The fault has a 165o azimuth. However some of the mentioned basement faults, such as fault numbers 1, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 24, 26, 28 and 33 may already identified, but the influence of them on the salt diapirism in the Zagros region have not been discussed. Based on the result of weights of modeling method, there is positive spatial association between the Basement faults and the salt diapirs as indicated by the contrasts C. So, findings of this research to be consistent with the aim of the plan. The positive spatial relationship is statistically considerable within 1000 to 10000 m; so, following to the highest Studentised C, it is optimal within 1000 m.

 Conclusion:

 The interpretation of satellite images based on remote sensing techniques such as shaded-relief images analysis, filtering, and deflections in trends of fold axes, shows that some structures have a character of regional photolineaments (especially NNW-SSE and NE-SW trending. Such structures were considered to be main fault systems of the study area. Finally, 34 basement faults have been identified that among them 14 faults are introduced as the first time. Also, there is a rectilinear pattern of salt diapir emplacements. These implicit lines of weakness are approximately indeed related to basement structural trends, based on weights of evidence method; pierced salt diapirs are associated spatially with basement faults within a distance of 1 km. Also among 123 detected salt diapirs in the region, forty-five of them, 36 percent, have a maximum relationship with basement faults. So, tectonic condition is an important factor in the exposure of salt diapirs in the study area.

The continuous monitoring of land surface deformation and recognition of susceptible area for slope movements, especially in residential area and traffic infrastructures such as roads and railways, is considered as the most effective factors for reducing losses (human and financial) of environmental hazards such as subsidence and landslide. Several techniques such as global position system (GPS), geodesy, tachometry, Leaser scanning and LIDAR had been used to monitor land surface deformation However, their use is limited in wide area due to high cost, time-consuming, and limited surface coverage. Of course, synthetic aperture radar Differential Interferometry (DInSAR), which can be used in all climate conditions during night and day, covers extended earth surface and possesses high spatial and temporal resolution, is regarded as one of the most precise (precision in millimeter) and Cost-effectiveness remote sensing techniques to recognize and monitor land surface deformations, slow movements and slope instability worldwide. Regarding the mechanism, the phase difference of various SAR images with standard format (SLC), taken at different times from a specific area, are calculated and land displacement along the line of sight (LOD) are precisely estimated. In the present study, in order to overcome the limitations of conventional synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR), SUBSOFT software and differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (DInSAR) based on coherent pixels’ technique (CPT), which is develoed by the Remote Sensing Laboratory (RSLab) group from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), were utilized to recognize unstable slopes around Lorestan railway. In this regard, 50 descending sentinel-1 images, corresponding to the period from 2015 to 2018 (obtained from European Space Agency) were analyzed. The rate of slope movements (millimeter per year) in satellite trajectory and maximum displacement (28.8 cm/year) were obtained in Tang-e- Haft to Tang-e-Panj stations, by indicating the activation of area with respect to slope movement. The Lorestan Railway is part of the north-south railway of Iran that is 215 km long. it extends from the Momenabad Station in Markazi province to the Tang-e-Haft Station in Khuzestan province and goes across high Zagros Mountains located in the geographical coordinates of 48°, 15' to 49°, 05 ' E, and the latitudes of 32°, 25' to 33°, 30' N. This region has specific characteristics in terms of slope instability and related geomorphological phenomena due to local and regional characteristic of the active Zagros orogenic belt. Material In the present study, conventional methods (satellite images, 3D images derived from google earth software, terrain survey, topographic maps and landslide database of area) and advanced techniques (high precision synthetic aperture radar images ASAR) were used to recognize unstable slopes around Lorestan railway. In fact, conventional methods such as land surveing was utilized to recognize large landslide with rapid movement and advanced techniques such as differential radar interferometry (DInSAR) was used to measure slow movement and identify susceptible parts for landslide. Differential radar interferometry (DInSAR) is considered as one of the most important and usable methods, which measures land surface deformation by using phase difference (∆ɸ) of every pixel from a (SLC) image pair, taken individually from a specific area at different time. Fifty descending radar images from sentinel-1 of European Space Agency were used to recognize slope instability in Lorestan railway during temporal range of 2015 to 2018 (recording time of 14 days, track number of 108 and frame number of 482). Rate linear map and temporal series of slope material displacement in Lorestan railway were prepared by using differential radar interferometry. In order to facilitate the measurement of slope movements, radar images in the area with 2 km radius were selected for calculation, due to the location of the most landside hazard points in Bisheh to Tange e Haft stations and extracting many points from processing. and the highest displacement rate of 28.8 cm per year was obtained of the Tang-e-7 to Tang-5 stations, and finally Several points susceptible for landslide hazard, obtained from final map, were selected through DInSAR method and controlled by field survey to validate differential radar interferometry. Based on the results, this method is considered as a high precision technique to recognize area possessing hazard of slope movement in wide and mountains area such as Lorestan Lorestan railway is considered susceptible for various landslides due to passing through folded and high Zagros mountainous and alternating geological formations with different resistance. Accessing to some slopes, overlooking railway is regarded impossible due to the presence of impassable segments in area under study. Thus, in the present study, new differential radar interferometry was utilized by using low-pass images of sentinel-1 to recognize area having landslide hazard and measure the slow movement of slope material in Lorestan railway. In addition, in order to verify radar data results, 35 vulnerable points overlooking Lorestan railway were recognized through field survey. Based on the results, radar data and differential interferometry are regarded to detect landslide and calculate their displacement value due to wide coverage, abundant data and high precision. The analysis of temporal series diagrams showed that a maximum of slop material movements occurred in the autumn and spring due to higher rainfall in these seasons compared to others

Flood is one of the most important natural disasters in the world. More than half of the global flood amage occurs in Asia. One of the types of hazards that affects a large part of the country each year is the flood. Iran is in the high-flood region of the world. The city of Kalat, with its linear pattern along the Kalat River, was affected by the severe flooding of the river and its changes in the urban development process have increased the intensity of flooding. The flood, dated April 24, 1398, was an example of a flood that caused significant damage to agricultural land and residential buildings in the city due to the intensity of rainfall. The purpose of this research is to assess and quantify urban flood risks in the basin area extreme to Kalat Naderi city.
Data and research

This paper relies on field, library and documentary research methods. First, using the topographic maps, the study area was determined. Topographic maps 1: 50000 and 1: 250000 Kalat for mapping elevation, slope, slope direction, drainage network and communication paths (Mapping Organization of Khorasan Razavi) and geological map of 1: 100000 Kalat for geological formations , Lithological and lithological units of the range and main and secondary faults (Geological Survey of Khorasan Razavi), from precipitation data of synoptic stations, climatology, and evapotranspiration for precipitation and temperature maps (Weather Administration of Khorasan Razavi province), from Soil map of the scale with 1: 50000 scale (Research Center of Natural Resources and Agriculture of Khorasan Razavi province) and land use 1: 50000 (Administration The total natural resources of Khorasan Razavi province, satellite images, aerial photos of Band 1 of Mashhad (Kalat Block) with a scale of 1: 40,000 geographic organizations of the Armed Forces were used and the maps of the study area were drawn using the GIS software. To assess areas at risk of flood in the town of Kalat Naderi, and the study area, using the natural and morphological characteristics of the seven effective factors in the occurrence of flood include: hydrologic factor (runoff), geology (lithology), slope, roughness (altitude) Drainage density, distance from main canal or waterway and land use. The factors used in this study were chosen for their general relationship with the dangers of flood and based on Shaban et al method, (2001).

The final map of hazard zonation of the study area of Kalat city using the hydrologic layers (runoff, drainage density, distance from the waterway). Lithology, slope, altitude, land use using a combination of weights obtained from Shaban method with each layer And their overlay in the environment (GIS Model Builder). Of the total study area, 10.14% are very low, 30.15% are low-risk, 20.35% are in medium risk, 26.42% are at high risk and 12.66% are at very high risk. Therefore, the hydrologic factor (runoff, drainage density, distance from the waterway) is the most valuable and the most important source of flood hazard in the region with value of 49.69 % and the land use agent with a value of 7.67% is the lowest weight It is dedicated to.

The purpose of this study is to zonate the flood risk areas in the Kalat Naderi study area in Khorasan Razavi province. The results indicate that hydrologic factors (runoff, drainage density and distance from the waterway), geology (lithology), elevation and slope have the most important role in the occurrence of hazards in this area. In the study of seven factors, it should be stated that: The runoff factor and rainfall intensity, especially rainfall over 300 mm, were the most important factor in the occurrence of flood hazard in the city of Kalat and the study area. In terms of lithology, clay formation, Neogene red sediments and quaternary alluvium play the most role in the occurrence of flood hazard in the study area. For the gradient, the maximum weight and frequency are in terms of the area of the class (0-10%). For the height class parameter, the maximum weight is for the class of 497- 1000 meters and the lowest weight for the height class 1500-1709 meters. In terms of distance from the waterway and drainage density, the highest score is found in the 0-100 meter waterway. The distance from the main flow of the Kalat River and the greater density of the northern boundary of the city to the main Kalat River has provided critical conditions for the city and the urban infrastructure. For land use, residential areas at high risk of flood have the highest weight. According to the results of the research, the total area of the study area in the city of Kalat was 10.14% in very low risk, 30.15% in low risk, 20.35% in middle class risk, 26.42% in high risk category and 12/66 is in very high risk. Hydrological factor (runoff, drainage density, distance from the waterway) is the most valuable and most important source of flood risk in the studied area in the region with the highest value of 49.69% and the most important land use factor of 7.67% has the lowest weight and impact have given. Also, based on the results of flood risk zoning and according to Shaban method, a large range of Kalat city is at risk of flood, which is more At the entrance to the city and the Darband area and under the northern sub basin, overlooking the city of Kalat, it provides critical conditions for the city and should be given special attention in future plans.

Introduction:

 There are many equations to prepare the R factor using synoptic stations data in the basin areas (Kamaludin et al. 2013 and Nikolova, 2016). The amount of this factor is estimated using different interpolation methods for the study areas. In addition, there are various methods to estimate the R factor at unknown points such as algebraic methods (linear regression and IDW ) and geostatistics methods (ordinary kriging, simple kriging and ....). Some researchers used ordinarily kriging (Men and Zhenrong, 2009, Moradi Motlagh, 2017 and Shabani, 2011), regression-kriging (De Mello et al. 2015), Co-kriging (Khorsandi et al. 2012), local polynomial (Hoyos et al. 2005), distinctive kriging (Zhang et al. 2009) and Linear Regression interpolation methods (Moradi Motlagh, 2017 and Sazab Pardazan cons. Eng. Co, 1998) to estimate the R factor. Instead of using synoptic data, some researchers used TRMM satellite images to produce R factor (Kumar Das and Guchait, 2016 and Zhu et al. 2011). Some rough topographic lands in the small basins such as the Balarood basin have valleys and elevations; the R factor estimate lower in valleys than in elevations by using the linear regression interpolation method (algebra); while the rainfall is seen uniformly over the elevations and valleys. This problem fix in different kriging interpolation methods and its predictions are close to the reality; therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of linear regression and geostatistics interpolation methods to produce the R factor and their effect on estimating the erosion of basins by the RUSLE model.Study area The geo-location of the study area (Fig. 1) is between 3601770.582860 mN and 3654377.5862609 mN and 328342.235576 mE and of 534721.260746 mE. 

 Materials and Methods:

 In this study, satellite image and their processing methods, GIS techniques and the RUSLE erosion model are used. Fig. 3 illustrates the materials and methods in the research, which describe as the following. 3.1. RUSLE soil erosion model Universal Soil Loss Equation presented for the first time by Whishmeier and Smith (1977). This model estimates the soil erosion by Eq. (1): (1) A=R×K×L×S×C×P Where A is the estimated soil loss per area and time unit and in this study, is in tons per hectare unit (metric system). R, K, L, S, C and P are the rainfall-runoff erosivity factor (MJ.mm.ha-1.hr-1.yr-1), soil erodibility factor (ton.ha.h. (MJ.mm.ha)-1), the slope length factor, the slope steepness, the cover-management factor and the support practice factor alternatively. 3.1.1. Calculating the R factor for each synoptic station The R factor indicates the power of rainfall erosivity and Renar and Freimund (1994) equation have been used to calculate it (Eq. (3, 4 and 5)). 3.1.2. Topographic Factor (LS) LS is the topographic factor, where L is the slope length factor and calculated by the ratio of lost soil from the sloped area to the lost soil from the experimental plots when the soil type and the degree of the slope are similar. This factor is calculated using Eq. (6). Interpolation methods use the R factor calculated at each station to prepare the R-layer in the basin area. In this study in order to provide the R layer, algebraic (linear regression) and ordinary kriging interpolation methods are used. 3.2. Semivariogram and its application in choosing the best R-factor interpolated. A large number of studies have proved the efficiency of the semivariogram in spatial analysis and environmental studies. Semivariogram equations (Eq. (11)) with different models (Spherical, Gaussian, Linear, Exponential, and Circular) use to estimate spatial auto-correlation. 3.3. Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) Generally, the most common equation to express the correlation between two variables over time and place is the Pearson correlation coefficient. This coefficient shows the direction and degree of correlation and can be calculated using standard deviation and standard methods (Eq. (12 and 13) respectively). 3.4. The coefficient of determination (R2) Correlation coefficient shows the correlation between two variables but does not give us more information about the nature of this correlation. It determines the high, low, or relative correlation (Balyani and Hakimdost, 2014). The accuracy of the model is higher and we can determine the optimal model for fitting if the coefficients of determination of data go towards 1. 3.5. Data resources In this study, to produce LS, P, C, K, and the R factors, 1:25000 topographic maps, ASTER satellite image, area soil map and precipitation data of 12 synoptic stations (Table 5) have been used respectively (Table 4)

Conclusions:

The results indicated the R factor interpolated by linear regression method has more auto-correlation (R2=0.985) than once interpolated by ordinary kriging method (R2=0.964). Though the coefficients of determination are close, this difference could justify the use of linear regression interpolation method in the preparation of the R factor. The R factor interpolated by linear regression is higher than the R factor interpolated by ordinary kriging method on average.The maps of soil erosion risk indicated that by using the linear regression and ordinary kriging interpolation methods to prepare the R factor, the risk of soil erosion at the basin (ton per hectare) estimate 0 to 77824.5 and 0 to 55277.2 respectively. The mean annual erosions from linear regression and ordinary kriging interpolations have been estimated 19315/135 t.ha-1.yr-1 and 14223/726 t.ha-1.yr-1 alternatively. It demonstrated using linear regression interpolation method in preparing the R factor layer leads to the higher estimation of this factor and ultimately to the higher estimation of the erosion by the RUSLE experimental model. The average of the erosion estimated using the R factor interpolated by linear regression method has less difference (1651/865 t.ha-1.yr-1) then another one in the previous study (Sazab Pardazan Cons. Eng. Co, 1998). Comparison of estimated erosions with each of their factors indicated both of the estimated erosions have the lowest and highest correlation with their R and LS factors, respectively. This study also demonstrates that remote sensing and GIS are valuable tools in assessing soil erosion and its factors.

Morphotectonics is a knowledge that can determine the effect of active tectonic with using the geomorphic indices as a quantitative description of the Rivers form. The main objective of the morphotectonics is to extract the information on the rate and patterns of active deformation directly from the landscape topography. In the active areas of the land, the bedrock channel network has important connections between the length, height and pattern of the clay-shaped network of rocks, and; accordingly, quantitative measurements provide conditions that allow them to identify the status of active tectonics areas. The location of Iran in the Alpine-Himalayan folded belt has caused the most parts of Iran to be active in terms of tectonics; the Alborz orogenic belt is a part of the named area, and the placement of the studied area in the central Alborz has caused the area to be affected by this tectonic movements. This mountain range is the result of two orogenic movements, one of them is Precambrian ores (Acinitic), the course of which is essentially a metamorphism that leads to the interconnection and hardening of the paving stones in the Precambrian, The second one is the Alpine orogeny movements that it happens in Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods. This mountain range is approximately 600 kilometers long and 100 kilometers wide along the south side of the Caspian Sea. The northern margin of the Alborz line is usually sloping. General trend of study area is NE-SW. main faults of this study area is Khazar, North Great Alborz and Taleqan faults; which the Khazar fault is located on a structural boundary on the southern end of the Caspian Sea from Gorgan to Tonekabon cities and has a length of more than 600 kilometers. The north Alborz fault is a inverted-thrust fault and the general trend of this fault is parallel to the Khazar fault. Taleghan fault with approximate east-west orientation and approximate length of 64 km and has a slope to the south is located near Taleqan city in the central part of Alborz. According to the definition of “fault segments” which means the fragmentation of a fault along the length into smaller pieces due to the collision of other faults to it, the topographic changes or bending of the fault, can change the type of tectonic activity of this piece of the ratio fault To other parts. Therefore, studying the segments of large faults that located in the study area is important. In this research, the effect of active tectonic on the longitudinal profile of the river has been researched and studied with using of modern methods. Longitudinal profile was then obtained by using digital elevation method (DEM) in MATLAB and Arc GIS software environment and then the values of Ksn and θ indexes in central Alborz region between Chalous, Ramsar and Taleqan cities along each river were calculated and determine their relationship with the structures of the area. The rivers of the studied area were classified into 4 levels very high, high, medium and low according to the values of the Ksn. The results of this classification shows that the studied area has very high and high tectonic activity. Thus, The western part of the Caspian Sea with the Ksn index range of 298 and the western part of central Alborz in the Taleghan area with with the Ksn index range of 109 have the highest and lowest tectonic activity of the studied basin. After studying the effect of main areas fault such as Khazar fault, Great Alborz fault, Taleqan thrust it was determined that the recent tectonic activity due to the movements of these faults has been affected the rivers of the study area. Regarding the classification of the Ksn along named faults in the study area and the high values obtained, it was revealed that recent tectonic activity in this part of northern Iran was attributed not only by the activity of large faults such as Khazar and Alborz; but also from activity of Other minor faults, such as Azarak faults, south of Shirax village, Dezben, SiahBishe and Holoudaran village fault have caused changes in the rivers of the study area due to their movement and displacement.So that, Generally at the intersection of faults and rivers, longitudinal profiles undergo significant changes in gradients by activity of the named faults. Also, evidence of earthquakes and the geospatial evidence obtained from field observations such as the existence of deep and narrow gorges, alluvial terraces and Waterfalls is a proof of the results of this study.

The tourism sector is concerned with visiting the land with the aim of promoting the land with the aim of recreation, the use of a sense of wonder, understanding of values, and learning. The purpose of the design of the concept of geo-tourism is to identify landforms that are of particular importance in describing and understanding the history of the earth's surface; which have scientific, ecological, cultural, cosmetic and economic values in common and are used for the purpose of perceiving and exploiting human tourism. Geochemistry is an area of scientific and geological significance, ranging from several square meters to several square kilometers, and in order to classify the significant effects, geological features (mineralogy, structure, geomorphology, and physiography) with one or more criteria (scarcity, value, vulnerability) in Exposure is evaluated. The Qezelowzan Water Basin, with its diverse geological and geological structure, can have a special place in environmental studies. In this paper, we have tried to evaluate the landforms of different parts of it using the Rocha and Koomansko methods.
Methods and materials:In the present study, Rocha and Koomansko methods have been used to evaluate the potential of geologists in the catchment area of Qezelowzan. In this connection, in order to select the best geo-sites from the Rocha method, it has been used with three criteria of representativeness, proximity, and uniqueness. Among the identified geo-sites, 11 elevated geo-sites were selected and evaluated. From the capabilities of the Komansko method to other methods for assessing geo-morpho-sites, in addition to the novelty of the method, many of the following criteria are effective for each of the criteria. In this regard, in order to select the best geo-sites using the Rocha method (2014), three criteria for visibility, proximity, and rarity were used. Two educational potential and geo-tourism is assessed in the Rocha method. Access, related resources, viewing conditions, educational content, fragility, and representativeness based on the work of Braga (quoted by Rocha, 2014) were evaluated on a scale of 1 to 5.
Discussions and

The present paper focuses on identifying, assessing and recognizing the characteristics of geo-sites in the Qezelowzan area to help shape a future management plan. What can be understood from the above is that the catchment area of the Qezelowzan is very attractive and spectacular due to the existence of landforms and its impact on various processes before and after the Quaternary. These sites play an important role in explaining the changes in lithology, geology, and geomorphology of the region. Therefore, the study of the tourism capability in the region to identify and provide a sustainable framework for space development is essential. In this context, tourism development was feasible in order to identify the capabilities of tourism development. The sites of Mahneshan and its surroundings have the most geological forms that indicate the intensity of various sedimentary, volcanic, tectonic and glacier activities, and so on, which can be described as the best place for tourists.

According to the results of the study, their Mahneshan hoodoos with a mean of 15/52 and Belghis glacier cirques had the lowest score among the geo-sites with 11.11. Erosion in sedimentary-conglomerate layers, a combination of clay and marl with hard-layer sandstones, has created interesting landforms that are referred to as the hoodoos. Behestan dome_ and tectonic-glacier valleys of Armaghankhaneh ranked second to tenth. The highest point of the hoodoos should be due to the suitable pathway of beautiful and attractive geomorphologic landforms and its pristine and diverse environment. Between values, scientific and aesthetic values, natural values are the most based on natural parameters. The highest values of these values are for the hoodoo and the Qaterchi Darband. The most economical value is related to the hoodoo and Behestan dome In the general conclusion, we believe that, despite the high potential of geo-sites, due to the lack of human centers and the lack of suitable routes and the inadequate identification of geo-sites for tourists, their use of power and capacities is not desirable. In the form of comparison with the results of the work done in the field of geo-tourism, it can be said that most of the methods used to evaluate the geo-touristic powers of the regions have geomorphologic nature and have been given natural abilities. High-low geo-sites, the introduction, and reasons for obtaining ratings, introductions, and strategies for improving the tourist attraction seem to suggest building communication paths and introducing these places by the Cultural Heritage Organization and creating the necessary infrastructure. The results of this research can be considered as a management document an environment for sustainable tourism development.