فصلنامه اندیشه نوین دینی
پیاپی 59 (زمستان 1398)

Steven Hawking and Richard Dawkins are contemporary theologians who have come up with empirical approaches in the field of theology, one in the field of physics and the other in the field of biology. The most important factor that has led to such a conclusion in the scientific approach of these two scholars is their wrong definitions of subject and philosophical conceptions. The current research has critiqued their views by extracting their definitional elements from their works with a library-based approach. Their Misconceptions of philosophy and its realm, as well as their misconceptions of philosophical concepts such as misunderstanding the immaterial, the necessary Being and Its Attributes, the criterion for the need to necessary Being, and the principle of causality, time, and nothingness may be cited as some examples of these deficiencies.

The present study examines John Hick’s view of death and examines it with regard to Allama’s comment of the Quranic verses. The research method is library-based and comparative. Research findings show that Hick puts forward his theory as recreative theory, and rejects the belief in human Immaterial soul and ascribe humanity to the body. And, therefore, Hick says: Death is complete destruction of man and after the death, God with His infinite power create man again. As Hick in his theory of recreation views the hereafter body of man to be just the same as the earthly body and rejects human immaterial soul, may not be able to explain the problem of this is just the same as that, so he refers to the customary concept of "the same person" which does not solve the problem of identity. According to the verses of the Qur’an, as the truth of human existence is the set of the soul and the body, then if the soul is the same as the soul, but the body is not like it, the harmony of personality would not be established.

Theological ability to act, which means the agent‘s ability to do or leave an action, was examined by the pure Imams as a prelude to the discussion of freewill and determinism. Appearance of the two tendencies of freewill and determinism in society and the division of human ability to pre-action, namely one‘s power to act, independent of divine power and concurrent with the act in the sense of the attribute that God creates when he acquired the act, made this division current among the Imamite thinkers. From the viewpoint of the Ahlul-Bayt (AS), however, it is not necessary to divide the ability, and on the basis of the doctrine of “an Affair Between the Two Ones,” amri baina ‘l-amrain, man, with regard to his/her God given ability the exists beofore the action and with the action both, is able to do the action. Therefore, human ability of doing an action is defined with regard to the theory of “an Affair Between the Two Ones,” amri baina ‘lamrain both by the Imams (as) and by the Imami’s theologians in the intellectual geometry of inter-religious affairs, and if in some cases approached pre-action or with it, it has been with regard to the rejection of common determinism and tafviz.

One of the important issues of religions is the issue of sectarianism. On the one hand, the fields of the emergence and expansion of sects are multidimensional and complex, and on the other hand, there are numerous systems involved in problem solving. The Studies in the field have shown that most studies have deviated to some cases of the diverted sects the and left the common teachings of these sects. Therefore, in this study, we first describe the common causes of the emergence of sects and, then, use dynamic system and gather the causes of their extention in a diagram and describe the effect of each cause. Accordingly, the causes of the growth of the sects are simulated and the results of each of the ten-year time horizons are investigated by creating three scenarios. The original amount of sectarianists is estimated at 300,000 people. The highest growth rate is when coercive dealing is on the agenda and the best situation is when authorities focus on vacuuming.

The problem of this research is to investigate and equalize different types of human communications including human-human and human-God communication from the view of telecommunication theory by descriptive-analytic method. Therefore, at first, the most popular communication models in telecommunication with their signal model have been introduced and telecommunication engineering solutions to overcome limiting factors have been explained. Then different types of human communications based on these models have been equalized and evaluated with allegorical and heuristic approaches and strategies for improving their quality are presented. The research findings show that firstly many telecommunication models and communication improvement strategies have religious roots and secondly they indicate that religious practices and customs such as preference praying in community an relying on Complete mens have exact scientific roots and have been proven effective in empirical sciences.

In Sadra’s epistemological system, the relation of innate knowledge to other human perceptions is of such a particular importance as he refers to it as the starting point and the head of knowledge. Sadr al-Mutallahi has applied innate knowledge to the realm of the knowledge by correspondence and the knowledge by presence in two closely related meanings. In this system, knowledge is of the nature of existence, and ruled by the laws of existence. Therefore, any epistemic knowledge with a primordial grade of existence is known to be prior to other human perceptions. Non-naturalistic epistemological and ontological epistemologies are based on natural knowledge really and objectively. On the one hand, according to unity of the knowing and the known, human soul becomes united and perfected in its substantial movement is united with perceptions and grows. Therefore, based on the principles of Sadrian wisdom and using a descriptive-analytic method, it can be concluded that the relation of innate knowledge in both domains of correspondence knowledge and presence knowledge is interpreted in relation to the upward movement of the soul and their relation is based on the grades of the soul.

The Holy Quran answers religious questions and demurs in various ways. One of the methods frequently used in the Quran is the Q&A method that has been presented in various ways in the Quran. In this way, sometimes answering questions and doubts, directly and indirectly, it is arranged based on different purposes of the Qur’an, such as reflection, inner reference, persuasion, and conscience. This way of responding may include various types. This article focuses on answering belief questions based on the Q&A method. The results of this method of responding in various forms and types provide the audience with a cognitive and emotional impact and prepare and accept individuals in matters of belief. We will explain these methods in a descriptive-analytic way, focusing on some of the most important verses of the Qur’an in this area.

Our problem in this study is to study and analyze Dr. Shariati’s views on "social monopoly" critically. We have, therefore, attempted to approach this important issue with a descriptive-analytical and critical approach, while explaining Shariati’s monotheistic thought and his understanding of "social monotheism", and counting the deficiencies and criticisms that have been brought about. Shariati, though focusing on monotheism in drawing up his intellectual system, and paying attention to its objective and practical dimensions in the field of society, has drawn upon his monotheistic thought by designing a new hybrid form of "social monotheism" for this dimension of monotheism. He interpreats it in a nonmonotheistic society, with defects and criticisms such as: disregarding the subjective and theoretical dimensions of monotheism, passing his monotheistic ideas from such schools as Marxism. One, therefore, meets with the new and unreasonable understanding of monotheism, and counting social monotheism as a society of no classes to be among belief monotheism, prejudice and interpretation of no logical base, a false comparison between social monotheism and the Quranic united Ummah and Mahdavi just society, and ultimately viewing the Quranic concepts in the creation story as symbols.

One of the issues discussed in most schools is that of reincarnation. Sheikh Ishraq and Mulla Sadra have also studied it in details. The purpose of this study is to analyze the reincarnation of Sheikh Eshraq with regard to the foundations and arguments of Mulla Sadra. Although Sheikh Eshraq did not express his opinion on reincarnation clearly, but based on arguments such as his belief in celestial reincarnation, belief in suspended souls, and appearance of human soul in the same time as human body, the rejection of two types of ascending and similar reincarnation is established in his view, though it is not easy to dismiss the downward reincarnation on his view. Mulla Sadra, in his argument of receptivity and activity, as well as the argument of upward movement, holds that the commonly termed reincarnation is absolutely invalid, while accepting the reincarnation of heaven. When studying Sheikh Eshraq’s views with regard to Mulla Sadra’s foundations and arguments, Sheikh Eshraq’s views would be exposed to challange. It must be said, however, that this conclusion can be attained by careful reflection on the works of Sheikh Eshraq. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical.

Imam Sadiq (as) has used inni proof, relying on the effect to prove the cause, to prove the existence of God in his public debate with the Egyptian atheist. In fact, Imam (as) has used the two arguments of movement and order, which is also current in philosophy, to prove God in argueing against the Egyptian. He has also used logical arguments and reasonss as an instrument in his dialogue and debate. In this way, we find inni proof, of course, observable in the context of its usual prerequisites. Although the Egyptain had not believed in the existence of God, after discussing with Imam (AS), believed in the existence of God and submitted to his argument. In this article, after showing the use of inni proof, some considerable points of the debate with regard to the view of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, have been studied; in this way, it has been made remarkable that Imam Sadeq‘s (as) approach may be regarde as a prominent model in the theological and rational debate.